Table 3.
Multivariable regression analysis of inequity in contact coverage of routine MNH visits in Nepal, 2016 (N = 1978)
| Determinants | four ANC visits | Institutional delivery | PNC visit | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Intersectionality | ||||||
| Marginalisation status of women | ||||||
| Poor and illiterate and disadvantaged ethnicity | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Poor and illiterate and advantaged ethnicity | 1.31 (0.71, 2.44) | 0.86 (0.45,1.62) | 0.83 (0.43, 1.61) | 0.65 (0.32, 1.31) | 1.35 (0.71, 2.56) | 1.41 (0.71, 2.80) |
| Poor and literate and disadvantaged ethnicity | 2.28 (1.44, 3.59) *** | 1.38 (0.84, 2.25) | 1.46 (0.96, 2.24) | 0.70 (0.43,1.15) | 1.77 (1.12, 2.79) * | 0.96 (0.58, 1.59) |
| Rich and illiterate and disadvantaged ethnicity | 1.43 (0.91, 2.24) | 1.54 (0.95, 2.49) | 1.72 (1.04, 2.86) * | 1.98 (1.10, 3.55) * | 1.84 (1.19, 2.84) ** | 1.96 (1.20, 3.20) ** |
| Poor and literate and advantaged ethnicity | 4.15 (2.50, 6.90) *** | 1.86 (1.05, 3.26) * | 2.43 (1.46, 4.05) *** | 1.12 (0.62, 2.03) | 2.94 (1.81, 4.79) *** | 1.75 (1.03, 2.96) * |
| Rich and literate and disadvantaged ethnicity | 3.39 (2.17, 5.30) *** | 2.37 (1.42,3.97) ** | 5.16 (3.37, 7.91) *** | 3.20 (1.97, 5.20) *** | 3.45 (2.23, 5.35) *** | 2.17 (1.35, 3.51) ** |
| Rich and illiterate and advantaged ethnicity | 1.63 (0.30, 8.83) | 1.01 (0.21,4.93) | 13.28 (2.28, 77.28) ** | 6.19 (1.08, 35.43) * | 7.43 (1.85, 29.90) ** | 4.35 (1.35, 14.01) * |
| Rich and literate and advantaged ethnicity | 14.34 (7.51, 27.40) *** | 5.51 (2.85,10.64) *** | 20.19 (10.45, 39.03) *** | 7.32 (3.66,14.63) *** | 9.63 (5.88, 15.75) *** | 4.18 (2.40, 7.28) *** |
| Intermediary | ||||||
| Language | ||||||
| Nepali | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Maithili | 0.51 (0.35, 0.75) *** | 0.75 (0.40, 1.41) | 0.55 (0.37, 0.82) ** | 0.50 (0.35, 0.71) *** | ||
| Bhojpuri | 0.21 (0.14, 0.31) *** | 0.26 (0.13, 0.52) *** | 0.48 (0.31,0.74) *** | 0.38 (0.25, 0.55) *** | ||
| Others (e.g., Newari or Tharu) | 0.60 (0.43,0.85) ** | 0.62 (0.41, 0.92) * | 0.81 (0.58, 1.15) | 0.87 (0.66, 1.16) | ||
| Provinces | ||||||
| One | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Two | 0.37 (0.24, 0.57) *** | 0.69 (0.41,1.16) | 0.62 (0.40,0.97) * | 0.77 (0.44, 1.33) | 0.52 (0.35, 0.77) ** | 0.87 (0.54,1.40) |
| Three | 0.84 (0.46, 1.55) | 0.78 (0.45, 1.35) | 1.36 (0.74, 2.50) | 1.11 (0.62, 1.98) | 1.41 (0.87, 2.26) | 1.19 (0.77,1.85) |
| Four | 0.82 (0.50, 1.34) | 0.65 (0.38, 1.09) | 1.43 (0.74, 2.78) | 1.34 (0.69, 2.60) | 1.47 (0.84, 2.55) | 1.38 (0.82, 2.32) |
| Five | 0.80 (0.46, 1.37) | 1.05 (0.62, 1.78) | 0.99 (0.61, 1.60) | 0.91 (0.56,1.48) | 0.88 (0.58, 1.35) | 0.87 (0.58, 1.29) |
| Six | 0.32 (0.21, 0.51) *** | 0.34 (0.21, 0.56) *** | 0.40 (0.24, 0.68) *** | 0.73 (0.40, 1.33) | 0.48 (0.31, 0.74) *** | 0.62 (0.39, 0.99) * |
| Seven | 1.41 (0.90, 2.20) | 1.83 (1.05, 3.21) * | 1.77 (0.96, 3.26) | 2.79 (1.38, 5.65) ** | 0.91 (0.57, 1.43) | 0.86 (0.55, 1.37) |
| Residence | ||||||
| Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Rural | 0.61 (0.44, 0.85) ** | 0.91 (0.67–1.23) | 0.41 (0.30, 0.56) *** | 0.53 (0.39, 0.72) *** | 0.54 (0.42, 0.70) *** | 0.74 (0.58, 0.95) * |