Table 2.
Socio-demographic and maternal characteristics based on NNM status
| Variables | Neonatal Near Miss (n = 79) | non-Neonatal Near Miss (n = 921) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | n | (%) | Mean | SD | n | (%) | |
| Socio-demographic | ||||||||
| Mother’s age (year)a | 21 | (20, 24) | 22 | (20, 25) | ||||
| Age of marriage (year) | 18.91 | 2.43 | 19.27 | 2.59 | ||||
| Duration of marriage (year)a | 2 | (1, 4) | 2 | (1, 6) | ||||
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| Muslim | 16 | (20.3) | 86 | (9.3) | ||||
| Terai/Madhesi | 28 | (35.4) | 381 | (41.4) | ||||
| Dalits | 16 | (20.3) | 163 | (17.7) | ||||
| Janajati | 15 | (19.0) | 200 | (21.7) | ||||
| Brahmin/Chettri/Newar | 4 | (5.1) | 91 | (9.9) | ||||
| Place of residence | ||||||||
| Urban municipality | 48 | (60.8) | 596 | (64.7) | ||||
| Rural municipality | 31 | (39.2) | 325 | (35.3) | ||||
| Wealth quintile | ||||||||
| Lowest | 7 | (8.9) | 46 | (5.0) | ||||
| Fourth | 14 | (17.7) | 82 | (8.9) | ||||
| Middle | 25 | (31.6) | 337 | (36.6) | ||||
| Second | 20 | (25.3) | 237 | (25.7) | ||||
| Highest | 13 | (16.5) | 219 | (23.8) | ||||
| Mother’s education | ||||||||
| None | 15 | (19.0) | 106 | (11.5) | ||||
| Primary | 21 | (26.6) | 187 | (20.3) | ||||
| Secondary | 39 | (49.4) | 494 | (53.6) | ||||
| Tertiary | 4 | (5.1) | 134 | (14.5) | ||||
| Father’s education | ||||||||
| None | 14 | (17.7) | 103 | (11.2) | ||||
| Primary | 19 | (24.1) | 133 | (14.4) | ||||
| Secondary | 38 | (48.1) | 512 | (55.6) | ||||
| Tertiary | 8 | (10.1) | 173 | (18.8) | ||||
| Mother’s occupation | ||||||||
| Housewife | 75 | (94.9) | 866 | (94.0) | ||||
| Others | 4 | (5.1) | 55 | (6.0) | ||||
| Father’s occupation | ||||||||
| Unskilled manual | 53 | (67.1) | 528 | (57.3) | ||||
| Sales and services | 18 | (22.8) | 276 | (30.0) | ||||
| Others | 8 | (10.1) | 117 | (12.7) | ||||
| Father’s smoking status | ||||||||
| Yes | 16 | (20.5) | 238 | (25.8) | ||||
| No | 63 | (79.7) | 683 | (74.2) | ||||
| Sex of newborn | ||||||||
| Girl | 37 | (46.8) | 459 | (49.8) | ||||
| Boy | 42 | (53.2) | 462 | (50.2) | ||||
| Maternal | ||||||||
| Parity | ||||||||
| Nulliparous | 51 | (64.6) | 484 | (52.6) | ||||
| Multiparous | 28 | (35.4) | 437 | (47.4) | ||||
| Mode of birth | ||||||||
| Vaginal birth | 72 | (91.1) | 762 | (82.7) | ||||
| Caesarean section | 7 | (8.9) | 159 | (17.3) | ||||
| Pre-pregnancy BMIb | ||||||||
| Normal | 59 | (74.7) | 690 | (74.9) | ||||
| Underweight | 15 | (19.0) | 160 | (17.4) | ||||
| Overweight and obese | 5 | (6.3) | 71 | (7.7) | ||||
| Number of ANCc | ||||||||
| ≤ 3 visits | 35 | (44.3) | 583 | (63.3) | ||||
| ≥ 4 visits | 44 | (55.7) | 338 | (36.7) | ||||
| SMMd | ||||||||
| Present | 10 | (12.7) | 35 | (3.8) | ||||
| Absent | 69 | (87.3) | 886 | (96.2) | ||||
| Obstetric haemorrhage | ||||||||
| Present | 2 | (2.5) | 16 | (1.7) | ||||
| Absent | 77 | (97.5) | 905 | (98.3) | ||||
| Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy | ||||||||
| Present | 6 | (7.6) | 12 | (1.3) | ||||
| Absent | 73 | (92.4) | 909 | (98.7) | ||||
| Severe management indicators | ||||||||
| Present | 2 | (2.5) | 16 | (1.7) | ||||
| Absent | 77 | (97.5) | 905 | (98.3) | ||||
a Expressed as median (interquartile range). Skewed to the right
b BMI body mass index
c ANC antenatal care
d SMM severe maternal morbidity