Table 1.

Descriptive characteristics of the participants (N = 243)

Characteristics	Mean		SD		Min–max
Number of joint contractures	1.94		1.22		1–6
Age (years)	72.38		11.91		65–97
Length of residency (months)	38.26		46.36		1–240
Body mass index (kg/m2)	22.33		3.42		12.12–34.73
Characteristics		n		%
Contracture sites
Upper limbs		36		14.81
Lower limbs		156		64.20
Upper and lower limbs		51		21.99
Gender
Male		156		64.20
Female		87		35.80
Ancestry/ethnicity
Min Nan		228		93.83
Hakka		9		3.70
Aboriginal		3		1.23
Mainland Chinese		3		1.23
Education
Primary and below		144		59.26
Junior high		57		23.46
Senior secondary		24		9.88
Higher		9		3.70
College/university and above		9		3.70
Occupation
Military		0		0
Management		6		2.47
Professional		18		7.41
Technical activities and assistant professional		0		0
Office and administrative support		36		14.81
Sales and service		0		0
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and animal husbandry		12		4.94
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media		57		23.46
Installation, maintenance, and repair		12		4.94
Production and labourers		69		28.40
Unemployed		33		13.58
Marital status
Married		57		23.46
Widowed		69		28.40
Divorced		33		13.58
Single		84		34.57
Religion
Buddhism		60		24.69
Taoism		138		56.79
Christianity/Catholicism		24		9.88
Atheist		15		6.17
Others		6		2.47
Visitation frequency (weeks)
0–1		174		71.60
2–3		54		22.22
4–5		9		3.70
6–7		6		2.47
Chronic diseases
Hypertension		75		30.86
Diabetes		60		24.69
Stroke		63		25.93
Cardiovascular disease		36		14.81
Cancer		0		0
Degenerative arthritis		54		22.22
Cataract		3		1.23
Glaucoma		3		1.23

SD Standard deviation