Table 1.

Role of microbubbles in different diseases and in different clinical trials

S. No	Name	Type	Disease type	Role	Technology	Clinical trials
1	The Role of Different Imaging Methods in the Diagnosis of Gallbladder Polyps	Interventional	Polyp of Gallbladder	Preoperative differential diagnostic accuracies of gallbladder polypoid lesions	Device: Abdominal high-resolution CT Device: Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography Procedure: Cholecystectomy	NCT02762227
2	Novel MRI-Guided Ultrasound Stimulated Microbubble Radiation Treatment for Patients with Chest-wall and Locally-Advanced Breast Cancer	Interventional	Breast Cancer	Novel MRI-guided ultrasound stimulated microbubble treatment enhances radiation effects in humans receiving external beam radiotherapy delivered using radiation therapy device	Patients with locally advanced breast cancer and chest wall tumours will receive MRI-guided ultrasound-stimulated microbubble-treatment combined with radiotherapy	NCT04431674
3	The Use of Focused Ultrasound and Microbubble Infusion for Altering Brain Perfusion and the Blood Brain Barrier	Interventional	Low Grade Glioma of Brain	The ability of focused ultrasound combined with microbubbles to open the blood brain barrier has the potential to revolutionize the delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain, allowing for more localized and efficient delivery	The ultrasound treatment will last either 1 h or 20 min total time for the DWL device. An infusion of Definity microbubbles will be infused intravenously over ten to thirty minutes as per routine approved application. Definity will be 1.3 mL added to 50 mL saline and infused no faster than 4 mL/minute	NCT04063514
4	Microbubbles and Ultrasound in Stroke Trial	Interventional	Acute Ischemic Stroke	Transcranial 2-MHz ultrasound combined with intravenous administration of microbubbles improves early recanalization in patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by middle cerebral artery proximal occlusion treated with intravenous alteplase within 3 h of symptom onset	Radiation: Ultrasound 2-MHz, low intensity transcranial ultrasound Drug: Levovist D-Galactose and palmitic palmitique intravenous 4 g	NCT00222040
5	Microbubble Cavitation for Improving Hepatocellular Carcinoma Radioembolization	Interventional	Hepatocellular Carcinoma Liver Cancer	Localized microbubble cavitation triggered by noninvasive ultrasound has been shown to sensitize malignant tissue to radiotherapy by inducing vascular endothelial cell apoptosis	Patients receive perflutren protein-type A microspheres IV over 10 min and undergo CEUS over 60 min at 1–6 h post radioembolization and at approximately 7 and 14 days after yttrium Y-90 radioembolization	NCT03199274
6	Targeted Delivery of Chemotherapy with Ultrasound and Microbubbles (SONCHIMIO)	Interventional	Colorectal Cancer Hepatic Metastases	The oscillations of ultrasound (US) contrast agent microbubbles under their activation by US waves engender a modulation of the permeability of biological barriers amplifying hence the extravasation of drugs/fluorescent markers through a process known as sonoporation	Liver metastases randomized to receive sonoporation (US waves + gaseous microbubbles). The patient continues to receive the usual systemic chemotherapy	NCT03458975