Table 1.
Cardiovascular changes while practicing various pranayama techniques (repeated measures analysis of variance and post-hoc analysis with Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons)
| Pranayama techniques | Assessments | SBP (mmHg) | DBP (mmHg) | MAP (mmHg) | HR (beats/min) | SV (l) | CO (l/min) | Pulse interval (ms) | TPR (mmHg.min/l) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 115.03±14.54 | 70.82±9.23 | 87.91±10.64 | 83.97±10.91 | 70.29±13.00 | 5.84±1.23 | 735.84±98.40 | 1.03±0.28 | |
| Bhastrika | During | 119.50±14.14 | 74.91±9.23* | 91.99±10.69* | 114.20±13.92* | 66.46±12.05 | 7.50±1.58* | 570.27±80.90* | 0.97±0.29 |
| Post | 122.06±14.11 | 77.31±10.88* | 94.61±12.12* | 93.74±14.80* | 63.99±9.90 | 5.95±1.26 | 679.75±114.09* | 1.13±0.38 | |
| Bhramari | During | 119.82±15.17 | 78.40±10.67* | 94.34±11.72* | 92.40±11.28* | 58.25±8.94* | 5.30±1.06* | 673.11±81.04* | 1.23±0.36* |
| Post | 111.98±13.82 | 72.11±8.79 | 88.08±9.90 | 86.45±12.47 | 62.48±9.93* | 5.34±1.08* | 719.30±106.70 | 1.12±0.40 | |
| Kapalbhati | During | 123.81±12.97* | 76.73±8.89* | 96.03±10.31* | 106.90±13.01* | 71.27±12.39 | 7.58±1.79* | 592.33±76.40* | 1.00±0.30 |
| Post | 116.97±12.96 | 75.23±8.30* | 91.68±9.26 | 92.01±11.32* | 63.61±11.15 | 5.78±1.12 | 676.74±91.34* | 1.07±0.31 | |
| Kumbhaka | During | 126.47±18.60* | 82.44±8.98* | 99.54±12.51* | 88.75±11.47 | 59.43±16.24* | 5.15±1.39* | 698.56±93.99 | 1.31±0.37* |
| Post | 120.05±11.40 | 73.26±8.03 | 91.95±8.71* | 85.77±11.43 | 73.02±10.89 | 6.19±1.16 | 728.46±114.98 | 1.13±0.83 |
All values are in mean±SD. * P<0.05. SBP=Systolic blood pressure, DBP=Diastolic blood pressure, MAP=Mean arterial pressure, HR=Heart rate, SV=Stroke volume, CO=Cardiac output, TPR=Total peripheral resistant, SD=Standard deviation