In vitro study of N-terminal domain/C-terminal domain oligomerization interfaces triple mutant WNL-mVP40.A, ribbon maps of W83R/N148A/L226R (WNL) mutant, indicating the difference in deuteration percentage in the presence of PC:PS (55%:45%) liposomes over the entire exchange period. Each row corresponds to each time point from 10 to 1000 s. Color coding: blue indicates the regions that exchange slower and red indicates the regions that exchange faster in the presence of liposomes. B, liposome sedimentation assay of WNL-mVP40 was performed using control membranes (no anionic lipids) or anionic membranes (30% PS:2.5% PI(4,5)P2). C, oligomerization profile of WNL according to different anionic membranes 30%PS:2.5%PI(4,5)P2 (molar ratio), 30% PS only, and 5% PI(4,5)P2 only, determined from number and brightness analysis. D, representative original composite of the time-lapsed images (left), the number of pixels versus intensity plot (middle), and brightness selection plot of the 30%PS:2.5%PI(4,5)P2-containing giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV) (right). Two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons were performed compared with WT-mVP40. (∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001).