| Study | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Assendelft 1995 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Auperin 1997 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Aytug 2012 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Bhandari 2001 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Bjordal 2003 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Bjordal 2005 | Investigated the extent of multiplicity of data in trial reports and the impact of multiplicity on meta‐analysis results in one systematic review, not whether results were selectively included by the review authors. |
| Bohlius 2005 | Investigated the extent of multiplicity of data in trial reports and the impact of multiplicity on meta‐analysis results in one systematic review, not whether results were selectively included by the review authors. |
| Bow 2010 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| CEU 2011 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| CEU 2012 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Choi 2001 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| da Costa 2013 | Investigated the extent of multiplicity of final and change from baseline data in trial reports and the potential impact of inclusion of the most positive versus most negative value in meta‐analyses, but not whether results were selectively included by the review authors. |
| Delaney 2005 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Dundar 2006 | Investigated the extent of multiplicity of data in trial reports and the impact of multiplicity on meta‐analysis results in one systematic review, not whether results were selectively included by the review authors. |
| Faggion Jr 2014 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Farmer 2012 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Fishbain 2000 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Gianola 2013 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Hartling 2004 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Hopewell 2008 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Jørgensen 2006 | Investigated discrepancies in meta‐analytic effect estimates between pairs of systematic reviews of the same topic, but the relative extent to which the discrepancies were caused by selective inclusion or RCT data versus differential inclusion of trials resulting from slightly different eligibility criteria or search strategy was not explored. |
| Kelly 2001 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Kuukasjärvi 2006a | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Kuukasjärvi 2006b | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Lacasse 1999 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Ma 2012 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Minozzi 2006a | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Minozzi 2006b | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Moher 2007 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Moseley 2009 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Roundtree 2009 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Sacks 1987 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Sacks 1992 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Sacks 1996 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Schwarzer 2001 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Shea 2006 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Sheikh 2007 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Song 1997 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Stroup 2001 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
| Tendal 2011 | Investigated the extent of multiplicity of data in trial reports and the impact of multiplicity on meta‐analysis results in 19 systematic reviews, not whether results were selectively included by the systematic reviewers. |
| Wee 2008 | Investigated methods or reporting of systematic reviews using a quality checklist that did not include item(s) focusing on selective inclusion or reporting. |
21 more studies were excluded, see main text