FIGURE 4.

AF‐related changes in HDAC5, 6, 7, and 9 mRNA expression in HF patients. HDAC transcript levels were assessed in patients with paroxysmal AF (pAF; n = 10, a, b, e, f, i, j, m, n) or chronic AF (cAF; n = 10, c, d, g, h, k, l, o, p) in comparison to HF patients in sinus rhythm (SR; n = 10). Tissue samples were obtained from left atrium (LA; a, c, e, g, i, k, m, o) and right atrium (RA; b, d, f, h, j, l, n, p), respectively. Data are given as box plots, dots represent single data points; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 versus SR patients