Table 3.
Characteristics of Infants who survived vs. died in the 3 treatment groups (n = 467).
| Surgical treatment | Intensive medical treatment | Non-intensive treatment | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Surviveda | Died | p-value | Surviveda | Died | p-value | Surviveda | Died | p-value | |
| 87 | 42 | 113 | 179 | 36 | 10 | ||||
| Gestational age at birth (weeks) | |||||||||
| ≤27 + 6/7 | 1 (1) | 1 (2) | 0.028 | 0(0) | 3 (2) | <0.001 | 0 (0) | 0(0) | 0.054 |
| 28 to 31 + 6/7 | 2 (2) | 5 (12) | 3 (3) | 29 (16) | 0(0) | 2 (20) | |||
| 32 to 36 + 6/7 | 33 (38) | 20 (48) | 23 (20) | 71 (40) | 6 (17) | 1 (10) | |||
| ≥37 | 51 (59) | 16 (38) | 87 (77) | 76 (42) | 30 (83) | 7 (70) | |||
| Birth weight (g)b | |||||||||
| < = 1500 g | 14 (16) | 11 (26) | 0.023 | 12 (11) | 57 (32) | <0.001 | 3 (8) | 3 (30) | 0.247 |
| 1501–2499 g | 52 (61) | 29 (69) | 67 (60) | 83 (47) | 23 (66) | 5 (50) | |||
| > = 2500 g | 19 (22) | 2 (5) | 33 (29) | 36 (20) | 9 (26) | 2 (20) | |||
| Male gender | 26 (30) | 26 (62) | 0.001 | 33 (29) | 90 (50) | <0.001 | 9 (25) | 6 (60) | 0.057 |
| Maternal raceb | |||||||||
| Asian | 1 (1) | 0(0) | 0.954 | 2 (2) | 7 (4) | 0.113 | 0.736 | ||
| Black | 24 (28) | 11 (26) | 23 (20) | 50 (28) | 9 (25) | 2 (20) | |||
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 0 (0) | 0(0) | 2 (2) | 0(0) | 2 (5) | 0(0) | |||
| Other | 11 (13) | 6 (14) | 13 (11) | 28 (16) | 6 (17) | 1 (10) | |||
| White | 44 (51) | 23 (55) | 68 (60) | 84 (47) | 15 (42) | 7 (70) | |||
| Primary reason for admission | |||||||||
| Anomalies or Syndrome | 20 (23) | 12 (29) | 0.519 | 52 (46) | 84 (47) | 0.905 | 13 (36) | 9 (90) | 0.004 |
| Cardiac | 11 (13) | 3 (7) | 0.547 | 25 (22) | 32 (18) | 0.449 | 9 (25) | 1 (10) | 0.420 |
| Preterm birth | 4 (5) | 1 (2) | 1.000 | 0(0) | 10 (6) | NA | 0 (0) | 0(0) | NA |
| Respiratory | 9 (10) | 2 (5) | 0.502 | 23 (20) | 22 (12) | 0.069 | 4 (11) | 0(0) | NA |
| Surgical evaluation | 33 (38) | 23 (55) | 0.089 | 6 (5) | 23 (13) | 0.044 | 2 (5) | 0(0) | NA |
| Other | 10 (11) | 1 (2) | 0.102 | 7 (6) | 8 (4) | 0.590 | 8 (22) | 0(0) | NA |
| NICU interventionsc | |||||||||
| Delivery room interventions | |||||||||
| PPV | 43 (57) | 26 (67) | 0.322 | 82 (74) | 133 (78) | 0.566 | 0(0) | 0(0) | NA |
| Intubation | 17 (21) | 22 (56) | <0.001 | 25 (23) | 95 (55) | <0.001 | 0(0) | 0(0) | NA |
| Chest compressions | 4 (5) | 3 (7) | 0.686 | 7 (6) | 22 (13) | 0.109 | 0(0) | 0(0) | NA |
| Epinephrine | 1 (1) | 1 (2) | 1.000 | 0(0) | 5 (3) | NA | 0(0) | 0(0) | NA |
| None of the above | 43 (49) | 11 (26) | 0.014 | 27 (24) | 37 (21) | 0.562 | 36(100) | 10(100) | 0.171 |
| Respiratory support during admission | |||||||||
| Conventional ventilation | 67 (82) | 41 (98) | 0.011 | 40 (37) | 140 (78) | <0.001 | 0(0) | 0(0) | NA |
| HFJV or HFOV | 3 (4) | 11 (26) | <0.001 | 3 (3) | 40 (22) | <0.001 | 0(0) | 0(0) | NA |
| NIMV | 21 (26) | 5 (12) | 0.103 | 12 (11) | 23 (13) | 0.714 | 0(0) | 0(0) | NA |
| NCPAP | 32 (39) | 7 (17) | 0.014 | 36 (34) | 40 (22) | 0.039 | 0(0) | 0(0) | NA |
| High flow nasal cannula | 45 (55) | 17 (40) | 0.184 | 65 (61) | 56 (31) | <0.001 | 0(0) | 0(0) | NA |
| iNO | 1 (1) | 3 (7) | 0.112 | 1 (1) | 23 (13) | <0.001 | 0(0) | 0(0) | NA |
| None of the above | 8 (9) | 0(0) | NA | 18 (16) | 0(0) | NA | 36(100) | 10(100) | 0.171 |
| Ventilator days in those receiving invasive mechanical ventilation, median (IQR) days | 8 [4,21] | 19 [8,48] | 0.064 | 3 [1,5] | 6 [3,11] | 0.001 | .[.,.] | .[.,.] | NA |
| Cardiovascular interventions | |||||||||
| Vasopressors/Inotropic support | 0(0) | 1 (4) | NA | 2 (5) | 20 (16) | 0.107 | 0(0) | 0(0) | NA |
| Surfactant | 7 (8) | 6 (15) | 0.348 | 15 (13) | 38 (22) | 0.086 | 0(0) | 0(0) | NA |
| Systemic steroids | 3 (13) | 7 (50) | 0.023 | 0(0) | 27 (75) | NA | 0(0) | 0(0) | NA |
| None of the above | 77 (88) | 29 (69) | 0.013 | 98 (87) | 118 (66) | <0.001 | 36(100) | 10(100) | 0.171 |
HFJV high frequency jet ventilation, HFOV high frequency oscillatory ventilation, NIMV non-invasive mechanical ventilation, NCPAP nasal continuous positive airway pressure, iNO inhaled nitric oxide, IQR interquartile range.
p-values of <0.05 are in bold font.
aThe survived group includes infants who were transferred.
bContains missing values and totals do not add up to 100%.
cSome infants may have received more than one intervention and totals may add up to >100%.