Table 1. Participant, intervention, and methodological characteristics of studies included in the systematic review.
| Author (year) | Treatment
M age (SD), females (%) |
Control
M age (SD), females (%) |
Source of
participants |
Inclusion
criteria |
Intention-
to-treat |
Cluster
design |
Treatment group | Control
group |
Length of
intervention |
Adherence
(%) |
Outcome
measure(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abd El-Kader
(2016) 37 |
68.9 (5.8)
70 |
69.1 (6.1)
75 |
N/R | Dementia | N/R | No |
n = 20
Aerobic (treadmill walking), supervised, individual, moderate intensity (60–70% HR max), 3 times/week, 10–30 mins 42 / session |
n = 20
N/R |
2 months | 100 | BDI |
| Adler (2007) 38 | 72.8 (5.4)
100 |
70.8 (8.0)
87.5 |
Community | Osteoarthritis | Yes | N/R |
n = 8
Mind-body (Tai Chi), supervised, group, low intensity, 1 time/week, 60 mins/session **Encouraged to practice at home at least 3 times per week for 15 minutes |
n = 6
Attention- control (bingo) |
10 weeks | 85 | CESD-20 |
| Angeles
(2016) 39 |
65.0 (3.3)
80 |
69.3 (7.4)
70 |
N/R | N/R | N/R | No |
n = 10
Mind-body (flexibility, toning, and balance - FlexToBa DVD), supervised, group, N/R, 3 times/week, 50 mins/session |
n = 10
Usual care |
12 weeks | N/R | POMS-D |
| Ansai (2015) 40 | 82.8 (2.8)
65.2 |
82.6 (2.6)
65.2 |
Community | Sedentary | Yes | No |
n = 23
Resistance (strength exercises with machines), supervised, group, N/R, 3 times/week, 60 mins/ session Adverse events: Mild muscle pain ( n = 9) |
n = 23
Usual care |
16 weeks | N/R | GDS-15 |
| Antunes
(2005) 41 |
68.1 (5.5)
0 |
65.9 (3.8)
0 |
Community | Sedentary | N/R | No |
n = 23
Aerobic (ergometric cycling), supervised, N/R, moderate intensity (50-60% VO 2max), 3 times/week, 20–60 mins/ session |
n = 23
Wait-list |
6 months | N/R | GDS-30 |
| Bernard
(2015) 42 |
65.5 (4.0)
100 |
65.5 (4.4)
100 |
Community | N/R | Yes | No |
n = 61
Aerobic (walking - Acti’March Program), supervised, individual, moderate intensity (40–75% HR max), 2 times/week, 40 mins/ session **One 40 minute unsupervised session |
n = 60
Wait-list |
6 months | 53.8 | BDI |
| Bethany
(2005) 43 |
83.1 (4.8)
92.9 |
Community | N/R | N/R | No |
n = 11
Aerobic (chair aerobics), supervised, group, N/R, 3 times/week, 30 mins/ session |
n = 10
Attention- control (social games) |
6 weeks | 71.7 | BDI-II | |
|
n = 10
Aerobic (walking), unsupervised, individual, N/R, 3 times/week, 30 mins/ session |
62.2 | ||||||||||
|
n = 11
Mind-body (chair yoga), supervised, group, N/R, 3 times/week, 30 mins/ session |
78.3 | ||||||||||
| Blumenthal
(1991) 44 |
66.5 (4.3)
48.4 |
66.8 (4.3)
52.9 |
Community | Sedentary | N/R | No |
n = 31
Aerobic (ergometric cycling, walking, jogging, and arm ergometry), supervised, group, moderate intensity (70% HR max), 3 times/week, 60 mins/session |
n = 32
Wait-list |
16 weeks | 95.8 | CESD-20 |
| 67.8 (5.9)
50 |
n = 34
Mind-body (yoga), supervised, group, low intensity, 2 times/week, 60 mins/session |
100 | |||||||||
| Bonura
(2014) 45 |
77.0 (7.3)
69.8 |
Community | N/R | N/R | No |
n = 33
Resistance (chair strength and balance), supervised, group, N/R, 1 time/week, 45 mins/session **Practice on their own for 15 minutes during non- class days |
n = 32
Wait-list |
6 weeks | 83.8 | GDS-30 | |
|
n = 33
Mind-body (chair yoga), supervised, group, N/R, 1 time/week, 45 mins/session **Practice on their own for 15 minutes during non- class days |
95 | ||||||||||
| Bostrom
(2016) 46 |
84.4 (6.2)
75.3 |
85.9 (7.8)
76.3 |
Residential | Dementia | N/R | Yes (36) |
n = 83
Resistance (functional weight-bearing and balance - High-Intensity Functional Exercise Program), supervised, group, moderate-high intensity, 2.5 times/week, 45 mins/session |
n = 80
Attention- control (seated social activities) |
4 months | 73 | GDS-15;
MADRS * |
| Bouaziz
(2019) 47 |
72.9 (2.5)
70 |
74.3 (3.4)
76.6 |
Community | Sedentary | N/R | No |
n = 27
Aerobic (cycle ergometry), supervised, individual, moderate intensity, 2 times/ week, 30 mins/session |
n = 29
Wait-list |
9.5 weeks | 94.7+ | GADS-D |
| Brown (2009) 48 | 81.5 (6.9)
91.6 |
78.1 (6.4)
86.8 |
Community | N/R | Yes | Yes (8) |
n = 26
Mind-body (flexibility and relaxation), supervised, group, low intensity, 2 times/week, 60 mins/ session |
n = 34
Usual care |
6 months | 44.8 | GDS-30 |
| Cancela
(2016) 49 |
80.6 (8.3)
43.8 |
82.9 (7.4)
81 |
Residential | Dementia | Yes | No |
n = 73
Aerobic (low resistance cycling), supervised, individual, N/R, 7 times/ week, 15+ mins/session |
n = 116
Attention- control (recreational activities) |
15 months | 88 | CSDD |
| Chen (2009) 50 | 65.8 (4.3)
83.9 |
72.4 (6.0)
62.1 |
Community | N/R | N/R | Yes (8) |
n = 62
Mind-body (silver yoga), supervised, group, N/R, 3 times/week, 70 mins/ session |
n = 66
Wait-list |
6 months | 87 | TDQ |
| Chen (2015) 51 | 79.2 (7.0)
49.1 |
Residential | Wheelchair-
bound |
N/R | Yes (10) |
n = 59
Aerobic (resistance bands, aerobic motion, and harmonic stretching - Wheelchair-bound Senior Elastic Band Program), supervised, group, N/R, 3 times/week, 40 mins/ session |
n = 55
Usual care |
6 months | 94.5 | TDQ | |
| Chen (2017) 52 | 80.7 (8.0)
58.5 |
81.6 (6.7)
54.8 |
Residential | Dementia;
wheelchair- bound |
N/R | Yes (8) |
n = 65
Aerobic (resistance bands, aerobic motion, and harmonic stretching - Wheelchair-bound Senior Elastic Band Program), supervised, group, N/R, 3 times/week, 40 mins/ session |
n = 62
Usual care |
15 months | 96.9 | CSDD |
| Chin A Paw
(2004) 53 |
81.0 (5.8)
73.2 |
81.3 (4.4)
82.9 |
Residential | N/R | Yes | No |
n = 41
Resistance (progressive resistance training), supervised, group, moderate intensity, 2 times/ week, 45–60 mins/session Adverse events: Program was too intensive ( n = 8) |
n = 35
Attention- control (educational programs) |
6 months | 78 | GDS-30 |
| Choi (2018) 54 | 77.6 (5.69)
90.9 |
78.8 (5.83)
96.7 |
Residential | N/R | N/R | Yes (6) |
n = 33
Mind-body (sitting yoga), supervised, group, moderate intensity (10– 14/20 RPE), 4 times/week, 30–40 mins/session |
n = 30
Wait-list |
12 weeks | N/R | GDS-15 |
| Clegg (2014) 55 | 79.4 (7.9)
73.3 |
78.0 (10.5)
69.2 |
Community | Frailty | Yes | No |
n = 40
Resistance (strengthening exercises - Home-based Older People’s Exercise Program), unsupervised, individual, N/R, 15 times/ week, 15 mins/session Adverse events: Fell at least once ( n = 7) |
n = 30
Usual care |
12 weeks | 67 | GDS-15 |
| Collier (1997) 56 | 71 (N/R)
63 |
69 (N/R)
46.2 |
Community | N/R | N/R | No |
n = 25
Resistance (strength exercises with machines), supervised, group, N/R, 3 times/week, 50 mins/ session |
n = 13
Usual care |
10 weeks | N/R | GDS-30 |
| Conradsson
(2010) 57 |
85.3 (6.1)
73.6 |
84.2 (6.8)
72 |
Residential | N/R | Yes | Yes (34) |
n = 75
Resistance (functional weight-bearing and balance - High-Intensity Functional Exercise Program), supervised, group, high intensity, 2.5 times/week, 45 mins/session |
n = 90
Attention- control (seated social activities) |
3 months | 72 | GDS-15 |
| Cramer
(2016) 58 |
68.7 (9.1)
37 |
67.8 (10.4)
40.7 |
Community | Colorectal
cancer |
Yes | No |
n = 27
Mind-body (hatha yoga), supervised, group, N/R, 1 time/week, 90 mins/session Adverse events: Muscle soreness ( n = 3), abdominal pain ( n = 1), neck pain ( n = 1), minor vertigo ( n = 1), hip pain ( n = 1) |
n = 27
Wait-list |
10 weeks | 53 | HADS-D |
| De Lima
(2019) 59 |
66.2 (5.5)
N/R |
67.2 (5.2)
N/R |
Community | Parkinson’s
diease |
N/R | No |
n = 17
Resistance (free weights and machines), supervised, group, N/R, 2 times/week, 30-40 mins/session |
n = 16
Usual care |
20 weeks | N/R | HRSD |
| Donesky-
Cuenco (2009) 60 |
72.2 (6.5)
73.3 |
67.7 (11.5)
71.4 |
Community | Chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease |
Yes | No |
n = 14
Mind-body (yoga), supervised, group, N/R, 2 times/week, 60 mins/ session |
n = 15
Usual care |
12 weeks | 83.3 | CESD-20 |
| Dong (2013) 61 | 68.5 (N/R)
100 |
Community | N/R | N/R | No |
n = 32
Mind-body (YiJinJing qigong), supervised, group, N/R, 3 times/week, 60 mins/ session |
n = 34
N/R |
12 weeks | N/R | GDS-15 | |
|
n = 36
Mind-body (LiuZiJue qigong), supervised, group, N/R, 3 times/week, 60 mins/ session |
N/R | ||||||||||
| Dorner (2007) 62 | 86.7 (6.1)
76.7 |
86.9 (5.7)
76.7 |
Residential | Frailty;
cognitive impairment |
N/R | No |
n = 15
Resistance (resistance bands, soft weights, and balance), supervised, group, N/R, 3 times/week, 50 mins/ session |
n = 15
N/R |
10 weeks | 91.8 | GDS-15 |
| Emery (1990) 63 | 72 (6)
83.3 |
Community | N/R | N/R | No |
n = 14
Aerobic (aerobic walking and rhythmic muscle strengthening), supervised, group, moderate intensity (70% HR max) 3 times/week, 60 mins/session |
n = 13
Wait-list |
12 weeks | 61-94 | CESD-20 | |
|
n = 11
Attention- control (social games) | |||||||||||
| Eyigor (2009) 64 | 73.5 (7.6)
100 |
71.2 (5.5)
100 |
Community | N/R | N/R | N/R |
n = 19
Aerobic (folkloric dance), supervised, group, N/R, 3 times/week, 60 mins/ session **Walk for 30 minutes at least twice a week |
n = 18
Usual care |
8 weeks | N/R | GDS-30 |
| Eyre (2017) 65 | 68.1 (8.7)
65.8 |
67.6 (8.0)
65.9 |
Community | Cognitive
impairment |
N/R | No |
n = 29
Mind-body (kundalini yoga), supervised, group, N/R, 1 time/week, 60 mins/session Adverse events: Dizziness ( n = 1) **Home meditation and finger movements for 12 minutes |
n = 32
Attention- control (memory enhancement training) |
12 weeks | 59.4 | GDS-30 |
| Fakhari
(2017) 66 |
69.2 (5.5)
48.1 |
69.3 (5.0)
58.6 |
Residential | Sedentary | N/R | No |
n = 27
Mind-body (Tai Chi), supervised, group, N/R, 3 times/week, 20-25 mins/ session |
n = 29
Usual care |
12 weeks | N/R | BDI-II |
| Fransen
(2007) 67 |
70.8 (6.3)
67.9 |
69.6 (6.1)
82.9 |
Community | Osteoarthritis | Yes | No |
n = 56
Mind-body (Tai Chi), supervised, group, N/R, 2 times/week, 60 mins/ session |
n = 41
Wait-list |
12 weeks | N/R | DASS-D |
| Frye (2007) 68 | 69.2 (9.3)
64.3 |
Community | Sedentary | N/R | No |
n = 23
Mind-body (Tai Chi), supervised, group, low- moderate intensity, 3 times/ week, 60 mins/session **Tai Chi video to assist with home practice, but was not monitored |
n = 21
Usual care |
12 weeks | 72.2-100 | CESD-20 | |
| Gary (2004) 69 | 67 (11)
100 |
69 (11)
100 |
Community | Diastolic
heart failure |
N/R | No |
n = 15
Aerobic (walking), supervised, individual, low- moderate intensity (40–60% HR max), 3 times/week, 20-30 mins/session |
n = 13
Attention- control (educational programs) |
12 weeks | N/R | GDS-15 |
| Gusi (2008) 70 | 71 (5)
100 |
74 (6)
100 |
Community | Moderate
depression or overweight |
N/R | No |
n = 55
Aerobic (walking), supervised, group, N/R, 3 times/week, 50 mins/ session |
n = 51
Usual care |
6 months | N/R | GDS-15 |
| Hars (2014) 71 | 75 (8)
97 |
76 (6)
95.6 |
Community | Risk of falling | Yes | No |
n = 66
Aerobic (aerobic training), supervised, group, N/R, 1 time/week, 60 mins/session |
n = 68
Wait-list |
6 months | 79 | HADS-D |
| Hsu (2016) 72 | 80.7 (9.7)
63.3 |
81.7 (6.3)
63.3 |
Residential | Wheelchair-
bound |
Yes | No |
n = 30
Mind-body (seated Tai Chi), supervised, group, N/R, 3 times/week, 40 mins/ session |
n = 30
Usual care |
26 weeks | 85.3 | GDS-15 |
| Irwin (2012) 73 | 70.7 (5.9)
69.6 |
71.4 (7.7)
51.4 |
Community | N/R | Yes | No |
n = 58
Mind-body (Tai Chi), supervised, group, N/R, 3 times/week, 40 mins/ session |
n = 53
Attention- control (health education) |
16 weeks | 83 | BDI |
| Irwin (2014) 74 | 66.3 (7.4)
64.6 |
66.4 (7.7)
72 |
Community | Insomnia | Yes | No |
n = 48
Mind-body (Tai Chi), supervised, group, N/R, 1 time/week, 120 mins/ session |
n = 25
Attention- control (sleep seminar education) |
4 months | 81 | IDS-C |
| Kekalainen
(2018) 75 |
68.9 (2.7)
53.8 |
68.3 (2.3)
47.8 |
Community | N/R | Yes | No |
n = 24
Resistance (progressive resistance training), supervised, group, N/R, 2 (month 1–3) and 1 (month 4–9) times/week, 60 mins/ session |
n = 19
Usual care |
9 months | N/R | BDI-II |
| 67.7 (2.8)
59.6 |
n = 25
Resistance (progressive resistance training), supervised, group, N/R, 2 (month 1–3) and 2 (month 4–9) times/week, 60 mins/ session |
N/R | |||||||||
| 69.0 (3.3)
57.1 |
n = 27
Resistance (progressive resistance training), supervised, group, N/R, 2 (month 1–3) and 3 (month 4–9) times/week, 60 mins/ session |
N/R | |||||||||
| Kim (2019) 76 | 76.1 (3.85)
100 |
76.40 (3.27)
100 |
Community | N/R | N/R | No |
n = 11
Resistance (strength exercises), N/R, N/R, moderate intensity (9-13/20 RPE), 3 times/week, 30–60 mins/session |
n = 10
Usual care |
24 weeks | N/R | GDS-15 |
| Kohut (2005) 77 | 73.1 (5.6)
50 |
70.3 (5.6)
53.8 |
Community | Sedentary | N/R | No |
n = 14
Aerobic (treadmills or ergometric cycling), supervised, group, high intensity (71% HR max), 3 times/week, 20–30 mins/ session |
n = 13
Usual care |
10 months | 80+ | GDS-30 |
| Krishnamurthy
(2007) 78 |
70.1 (8.3)
69.6 |
72.3 (7.4)
73.9 |
Residential | N/R | N/R | No |
n = 18
Mind-body (yoga), supervised, group, N/R, 6 times/week, 75 mins/ session |
n = 20
Wait-list |
24 weeks | N/R | GDS-15 |
| Kuo (2018) 79 | 68.93 (3.81)
80 |
70.38 (5.22)
85.7 |
Clinical | N/R | N/R | No |
n = 15
Aerobic (stepping exercises), supervised, N/R, moderate- high intensity (13-15/20 RPE; 60-80% HR max), 2 times/ week, 30 mins/session |
n = 21
Usual care |
8 weeks | N/R | GDS-15 |
| Kupecz
(2001) 80 |
74.3 (6.2)
5.1 |
73.6 (5.9)
13 |
Community | N/R | N/R | No |
n = 30
Aerobic (walking), supervised, group, low- moderate intensity, 3 times /week, 45 mins/session Adverse events: Minor medical attention ( n =2) |
n = 35
Usual care |
12 weeks | 66 | CESD-20 |
| Li (2001) 81 | 73.2 (4.9)
76.5 |
Community | Sedentary | N/R | No |
n = 40
Mind-body (Tai Chi), supervised, group, N/R, 2 times/week, 60 mins/ session **Encouraged to practice at home |
n = 32
Wait-list |
24 weeks | 90 | CESD-20 | |
| Lin (2007) 82 | 77.1 (7.8)
51 |
76.2 (7.3)
51 |
Community | History of
falling |
N/R | No |
n = 39
Resistance (muscle strengthening and balance), supervised, individual, N/R, 0.5 times/week, 40–60 mins/ session **Instructed to practice exercises at least three times a week |
n = 40
Attention- control (educational programs) |
4 months | N/R | GDS-15 |
| Lincoln (2011) 83 | 66.0 (7.9)
69 |
66.6 (7.4)
58.6 |
Community | Type 2
diabetes |
N/R | No |
n = 29
Resistance (progressive resistance training), supervised, N/R, high intensity, 3 times/week, 45 mins/session |
n = 29
Attention- control (regular phone calls) |
16 weeks | N/R | GDS-30 |
| Ma (2018) 84 | 70.2 (10.3)
31.7 |
69.7 (10.8)
30.4 |
Community | Hypertension | Yes | No |
n = 79
Mind-body (Tai Chi), supervised, group, N/R, 4 times/week, 60 mins/ session |
n = 79
Usual care |
6 months | N/R | CESD-10 |
| Maki (2012) 85 | 71.9 (4.1)
69.3 |
72.0 (3.9)
72 |
Community | N/R | Yes | No |
n = 66
Aerobic (walking and group work), supervised, group, N/R, 1 time/week, 90 mins/ session |
n = 67
Attention- control (educational programs) |
3 months | 87.5 | GDS-30 |
| Martinez
(2015) 86 |
76.1 (8.1)
89.7 |
72.5 (8.0)
86.2 |
Clinical | N/R | Yes | No |
n = 29
Mind-body (qigong), supervised, group, N/R, 2 times/week, 90 mins/ session |
n = 25
Usual care |
4 weeks | 88.8 | GDS-5 |
| Martins
(2011) 13 |
75.9 (7.0)
66.7 |
77.7 (8.8)
58.1 |
Residential | Sedentary | N/R | No |
n = 24
Aerobic (rhythmic walking and stepping sequences), supervised, group, low-high intensity (40-85% HR max), 3 times/week, 45 mins/ session |
n = 31
Usual care |
16 weeks | N/R | POMS-SF-D |
| 73.4 (6.4)
56.5 |
n = 23
Resistance (resistance bands and calisthenics), supervised, group, moderate intensity, 3 times/ week, N/R |
N/R | |||||||||
| McMurdo
(1993) 87 |
82.3 (6.9)
80 |
79.3 (6.2)
80.7 |
Residential | N/R | N/R | N/R |
n = 10
Resistance (strengthening exercises), supervised, group, low intensity, 2 times/week, 45 mins/ session |
n = 23
Attention- control (reminiscence sessions) |
7 months | 91 | GDS-30 |
| Monga
(2005) 88 |
68 (4.2)
0 |
70.6 (5.3)
0 |
Community | Prostate
Cancer |
N/R | No |
n = 11
Aerobic (treadmill walking), supervised, group, moderate intensity (65% HR max), 3 times/week, 45–50 mins/session |
n = 10
Usual care |
8 weeks | N/R | BDI |
| Mortazavi
(2012) 89 |
71.7 (8.2)
64.1 |
71.7 (8.2)
61.3 |
Community | N/R | N/R | No |
n = 181
Aerobic (upper, lower, and whole body movements), supervised, group, low intensity, 2 times/week, 45 mins/session **Pamphlet explaining details of each session for exercising at home |
n = 191
Attention- control (physical activity pamphlets) |
2 months | N/R | GHQ-D |
| Netz (1994) 90 | 70.7 (6.8)
N/R |
74.1 (8.9)
N/R |
Clinical | Cognitive
or affective deterioration |
N/R | No |
n = 15
Aerobic (light callisthenic and rhythmic movements), supervised, group, low intensity, 3 times/week, 45 mins/session |
n = 15
Attention- control (social intellectual activity) |
8 weeks | N/R | GDS-30 |
| Ng (2017) 91 | 70.3 (5.3)
56.2 |
70.1 (5.0)
56 |
Community | Frailty | Yes | No |
n = 48
Resistance (functional strength and balance), supervised, group, moderate intensity, 2 times/ week, 90 mins/session **Weeks 13-24 were instructed to participate at home |
n = 50
Usual care |
24 weeks | 85 | GDS-15 |
| Oken (2006) 92 | 73.6 (5.1)
78.7 |
71.2 (4.4)
75 |
Community | Low activity
(aerobic exercise less than 210 minutes per week) |
N/R | No |
n = 38
Aerobic (walking), supervised, group, moderate intensity (6-7/10 RPE; 70% HR max), 1 time/ week, 60 mins/session Adverse events: Hip pain ( n = 1) **Exercise daily at least 5 times per week was strongly encouraged |
n = 42
Wait-list |
6 months | 68.7 | CESD-10 *; POMS-D |
| 71.5 (4.9)
70.5 |
n = 38
Mind-body (hatha yoga), supervised, group, N/R, 1 time/week, 90 mins/session Adverse events: Groin muscle strain ( n = 1) **Exercise daily at least 5 times per week was strongly encouraged |
77.6 | |||||||||
| Park (2016) 93 | 75.3 (7.5)
75 |
Community | Osteoarthritis | N/R | No |
n = 52
Mind-body (chair yoga), supervised, group, N/R, 2 times/week, 45 mins/ session |
n = 48
Attention- control (health education) |
8 weeks | 95 | PROMIS-
EDD SF-8a |
|
| Payne (2008) 94 | 64.7 (6.3)
100 |
Community | Breast cancer | N/R | N/R |
n = 9
Aerobic (walking), unsupervised, individual, moderate intensity, 4 times/ week, 20 mins/session |
n = 9
Usual care |
12 weeks | N/R | CESD-20 | |
| Pedersen
(2017) 95 |
79.2 (6.6)
52.6 |
81.3 (5.1)
50 |
Residential | N/R | N/R | N/R |
n = 19
Resistance (resistance training), supervised, group, N/R, 2 times/week, 60 mins/ session |
n = 12
N/R |
12 weeks | N/R | HADS-D |
| Penninx
(2002) 14 |
68.7 (5.6)
70.1 |
Community | Osteoarthritis | Yes | N/R |
n = 149
Aerobic (walking), supervised, N/R, moderate intensity (50–70% HR max), 3 times/week, 60 mins/ session **Months 4-18 were unsupervised |
n = 144
Attention- control (health education) |
18 months | N/R | CESD-6 | |
|
n = 146
Resistance (dumbbell and cuff weight exercises), supervised, N/R, N/R, 3 times/week, 60 mins/ session ** Months 4-18 were unsupervised |
N/R | ||||||||||
| Pinniger
(2013) 96 |
79.4 (N/R)
100 |
Community | Age-related
macular degeneration |
N/R | No |
n = 8
Aerobic (tango dance), supervised, group, N/R, 2 times/week, 90 mins/ session |
n = 9
Wait-list |
4 weeks | 96.9 | GDS-15 | |
| Ramanathan
(2017) 97 |
68.9 (7.6)
100 |
68.2 (8.8)
100 |
Residential | N/R | N/R | No |
n = 20
Mind-body (yoga), supervised, group, N/R, 2 times/week, 60 mins/ session |
n = 20
Wait-list |
12 weeks | N/R | HRSD |
| Roswiyani
(2019) 98 |
71.90 (8.57)
70.1 |
74.31 (9.57)
66.2 |
Residential | N/R | Yes | No |
n = 67
Mind-body (qigong), supervised, group, N/R, 2 times/week, 90 mins/ session |
n = 65
Usual care |
8 weeks | 61.2 | BDI-II |
| Sahin (2018) 99 | 84.5 (4.8)
N/R |
85.4 (4.7)
N/R |
Residential | Frailty | N/R | No |
n = 16
Resistance (dumbbell and cuff weight exercises), supervised, N/R, low intensity (40% 1R max), 3 times/week, 40 mins/ session |
n = 16
Usual care |
8 weeks | N/R | GDS-15 |
| 84.2 (6.9)
N/R |
n = 16
Resistance (dumbbell and cuff weight exercises), supervised, N/R, high intensity (70% 1R max), 3 times/week, 40 mins/ session |
N/R | |||||||||
| Sattin (2005) 100 | 80.4 (3.1)
95.4 |
80.5 (3.2)
93.6 |
Residential | Frailty; history
of falling |
Yes | Yes (20) |
n = 158
Mind-body (Tai Chi), supervised, group, N/R, 2 times/week, 60–90 mins/ session |
n = 153
Attention- control (health education) |
48 weeks | 76 | CESD-20 |
| Sola-Serrabou
(2019) 101 |
71.9 (5.0)
76.5 |
74.8 (6.1)
77.8 |
Residential | Sedentary | N/R | No |
n = 18
Resistance (strength exercises), supervised, N/R, moderate intensity (5-6/10 RPE), 2 times/week, 60 mins/session |
n = 17
Usual care |
24 weeks | 90 | GDS-15 |
| Song (2019) 102 | 76.22 (5.76)
80 |
75.33 (6.78)
70 |
Community | Cognitive
impairment; low activity (aerobic exercise less than 150 minutes per week) |
Yes | No |
n = 60
Aerobic (stepping exercises), supervised, group, moderate intensity (12- 14/20 RPE), 3 times/week, 60 mins/session |
n = 60
Attention- control (health education) |
16 weeks | 73.1 | GDS-30 |
| Sparrow
(2011) 103 |
70.3 (7.5)
32.7 |
71.7 (7.2)
29.4 |
Community | Low activity
(exercise less than 20 minutes per week) |
Yes | N/R |
n = 49
Resistance (resistance training - Telephone-Linked Computer-based Long- term Interactive Fitness Trainer), unsupervised, N/R, N/R, 3 times/week, 60 mins/session Adverse events: Musculoskeletal injury and discomfort ( n = 8) |
n = 51
Attention- control (health education) |
12 months | 54 | BDI-II |
| Swoap
(1994) 104 |
65.2 (4.2)
53.8 |
65.2 (4.2)
50 |
Community | Sedentary | N/R | No |
n = 24
Aerobic (walking), supervised, group, moderate intensity (65–70% HR max), 3 times/week, 30–65 mins/session |
n = 11
Wait-list |
26 weeks | N/R | GDS-30 |
| 65.2 (4.2)
58.3 |
n = 14
Aerobic (walking), supervised, group, high intensity (80–85% HR max), 3 times/week, 30–60 mins/ session |
N/R | |||||||||
| Tapps (2013) 105 | 76 (N/R)
N/R |
Residential | N/R | N/R | No |
n = 11
Resistance (resistance band and chair exercises), supervised, group, N/R, 3 times/week, 30 mins/ session |
n = 14
Usual care |
12 weeks | N/R | BDI-II | |
| Taylor-Piliae
(2014) 106 |
71.5 (10.3)
35.8 |
68.2 (10.3)
52.1 |
Community | History of
stroke |
Yes | No |
n = 53
Mind-body (Yang-style Tai Chi), supervised, group, N/R, 3 times/week, 60 mins/ session |
n = 48
Usual care |
12 weeks | 82 | CESD-20 |
| Tsang (2003) 107 | 72.9 (9.5)
62.5 |
76.3 (8.4)
37.5 |
Residential | Chronic
medical illness |
N/R | No |
n = 24
Mind-body (eight-section brocades qigong), supervised, group, N/R, 2 times/week, 60 mins/ session **Practice daily for at least 30 minutes |
n = 26
Attention- control (remedial rehabilitation activities) |
12 weeks | N/R | GDS-30 |
| Tsang (2013) 108 | 83.3 (6.3)
77 |
84.9 (6.0)
72.7 |
Clinical | Frailty | Yes | No |
n = 61
Mind-body (Yan Chai Yi Jin ten-section brocades qigong), supervised, group, N/R, 2 times/week, 60 mins/ session |
n = 55
Attention- control (newspaper reading) |
12 weeks | N/R | GDS-15 |
| Tsutsumi
(1998) 109 |
68.5 (6.1)
100 |
Community | Sedentary | N/R | N/R |
n = 12
Resistance (strength exercises with machines), supervised, group, moderate intensity (55–65% 1R max), 3 times/week, N/R |
n = 12
N/R |
12 weeks | N/R | POMS-D | |
|
n = 12
Resistance (strength exercises with machines), supervised, group, high intensity (75–85% 1R max), 3 times/week, N/R |
N/R | ||||||||||
| Vahlberg
(2017) 110 |
72.6 (5.5)
20.6 |
73.7 (5.3)
27.3 |
Community | History of
stroke |
Yes | No |
n = 34
Resistance (functional weight-bearing and balance - High-Intensity Functional Exercise Program), supervised, group, high intensity, 2 times/week, 55 mins/session |
n = 33
Usual care |
3 months | 91 | GDS-20 |
| Vankova
(2014) 111 |
83.4 (8.2)
91.6 |
82.9 (7.9)
92.4 |
Residential | N/R | N/R | No |
n = 79
Aerobic (ballroom dance - Exercise Dance for Seniors Program), supervised, group, N/R, 1 time/week, 60 mins/session |
n = 83
Wait-list |
3 months | 84.6 | GDS-15 |
| Wang (2009) 112 | 75.5 (9.2)
100 |
74.5 (8.1)
80 |
Community | N/R | N/R | No |
n = 7
Mind-body (yoga), supervised, group, N/R, 2 times/week, 60 mins/ session |
n = 10
Attention- control (social group) |
4 weeks | 78.1 | CESD-10 |
| Witham
(2005) 113 |
80 (6)
37 |
81 (4)
54 |
Community | Frailty;
chronic heart failure |
N/R | No |
n = 36
Aerobic (progressive aerobic seated exercise with small weights), supervised, group, N/R, 2 times/week, 20 mins/ session **Months 4–6 were home exercise 2–3 times per week with no face-to-face contact |
n = 32
Usual care |
6 months | 82.7 | HADS-D |
| Yang (2005) 114 | 72.6 (5.4)
68.4 |
72.7 (7.5)
90.5 |
Community | Chronic pain | N/R | No |
n = 19
Mind-body (Chun Soo Energy Healing qigong), supervised, group, N/R, 2 times/week, 20 mins/ session |
n = 21
Wait-list |
4 weeks | N/R | POMS-D |
| Yeh (2003) 115 | 65 (6)
40 |
66 (6)
40 |
Community | Chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease |
Yes | N/R |
n = 5
Mind-body (Tai Chi), supervised, group, N/R, 2 times/week, 60 mins/ session |
n = 5
Usual care |
12 weeks | 74.2 | CESD-20 |
| Zanuso
(2012) 116 |
74.3 (3.5)
50 |
67.1 (2.0)
50 |
Community | Sedentary | N/R | No |
n = 10
Resistance (resistance training), supervised, N/R, moderate intensity, 3 times/ week, 60 mins/session |
n = 10
Wait-list |
12 weeks | 90.7 | POMS-D |
Note. N/R = not reported; n = Total participants included in intention-to-treat or post-treatment data analysis; HR max = Heart rate maximum; VO 2max = Maximal oxygen uptake; 1R max = One-repetition maximum; RPE = Rating of perceived exertion; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; CESD = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; CSDD = Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia; DASS-D = Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (depression subscale); GADS-D = Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale (depression subscale); GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale; GHQ-D = General Health Questionnaire (depression subscale); HADS-D = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (depression subscale); HRSD = Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; IDS-C = Inventory of Depression Symptomatology; MADRS = Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale; POMS-D = Profile of Mood States (depression subscale); PROMIS-EDD SF-8a = Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System - Emotional Distress and Depression Short Form-8a; TDQ = Taiwanese Depression Questionnaire.
*Outcome measure used in network meta-analysis.
**Additional unsupervised exercise component.