Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of an National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score >7 in ischemic stroke patients stratified by absence or presence of sleep apnea
| Characteristic | No sleep apnea | P | Sleep apnea | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NIHSS ≤7, n (%) | NIHSS >7, n (%) | NIHSS ≤7, n (%) | NIHSS >7, n (%) | |||
| Number of patients | 2865 | 1811 | 102 | 56 | ||
| Age group (years) | ||||||
| <50 | 391 (13.6) | 182 (10.0) | <0.001*,a | 8 (7.8) | 5 (8.9) | 0.662 |
| 50-59 | 552 (19.3) | 298 (16.5) | 28 (27.5) | 10 (17.9) | ||
| 60-69 | 738 (25.8) | 358 (19.8) | 26 (25.5) | 14 (25.0) | ||
| 70-79 | 650 (22.7) | 404 (22.3) | 29 (28.4) | 18 (32.1) | ||
| ≥80 | 534 (18.6) | 569 (31.4) | 11 (10.8) | 9 (16.1) | ||
| Age, mean±SD | 65.62±14.37 | 69.8±15.08 | <0.001*,b | 65.69±12.11 | 67.23±12.49 | 0.449 |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 2262 (79.0) | 1401 (77.4) | 0.318 | 92 (90.2) | 45 (80.4) | 0.081 |
| Black | 514 (17.9) | 342 (18.9) | 10 (9.8) | 11 (19.6) | ||
| Other | 89 (3.1) | 68 (3.8) | 0 | 0 | ||
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 1398 (48.8) | 1018 (56.2) | <0.001*,a | 37 (36.3) | 25 (44.6) | 0.303 |
| Male | 1467 (51.2) | 793 (43.8) | 65 (63.7) | 31 (55.4) | ||
| Hispanic ethnicity | 51 (1.8) | 28 (1.5) | 0.545 | 0 | 0 | |
| BMI, mean±SD | 28.72±6.9 | 27.55±6.73 | <0.001*,b | 33.86±7.27 | 34.73±9.02 | 0.515 |
| Medical history | ||||||
| Atrial fib | 361 (13.6) | 423 (23.4) | <0.001*,a | 15 (14.7) | 21 (37.5) | 0.001*,a |
| CAD | 852 (29.7) | 548 (30.3) | 0.705 | 40 (39.2) | 27 (48.2) | 0.274 |
| Carotid artery stenosis | 167 (5.8) | 105 (5.8) | 0.965 | 9 (8.8) | 4 (7.1) | 0.713 |
| Depression | 355 (12.4) | 236 (13.0) | 0.521 | 52 (51.0) | 28 (50.0) | 0.906 |
| Diabetes | 1029 (35.9) | 573 (31.6) | 0.003*,a | 63 (61.8) | 31 (55.4) | 0.433 |
| Drugs or alcohol | 163 (5.7) | 121 (6.7) | 0.166 | 5 (4.9) | 4 (7.1) | 0.561 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1464 (51.1) | 877 (48.4) | 0.075 | 68 (66.7) | 43 (76.8) | 0.183 |
| Stroke family history | 322 (11.2) | 114 (6.3) | <0.001*,a | 15 (14.7) | 5 (8.9) | 0.296 |
| Heart failure | 231 (8.1) | 240 (13.3) | <0.001*,a | 16 (15.7) | 15 (26.8) | 0.093 |
| Hormonal replacement therapy | 41 (1.4) | 27 (1.5) | 0.868 | 2 (2.0) | 2 (3.6) | 0.538 |
| HTN | 2224 (77.6) | 1423 (78.6) | 0.446 | 92 (90.2) | 53 (94.6) | 0.331 |
| Migraine | 86 (3.0) | 29 (1.6) | 0.003*,a | 6 (5.9) | 4 (7.1) | 0.756 |
| Obesity | 1291 (45.1) | 701 (38.7) | <0.001*,a | 90 (88.2) | 52 (92.9) | 0.357 |
| Previous stroke | 710 (24.8) | 507 (28.0) | 0.015*,a | 32 (31.4) | 15 (26.8) | 0.546 |
| Previous TIA (>24 h) | 260 (9.1) | 156 (8.6) | 0.590 | 9 (8.8) | 6 (10.7) | 0.698 |
| Prosthetic heart valve | 35 (1.2) | 25 (1.4) | 0.638 | 0 | 0 | |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 192 (6.7) | 117 (6.5) | 0.747 | 12 (11.8) | 9 (16.1) | 0.446 |
| Chronic renal disease | 227 (7.9) | 130 (7.2) | 0.350 | 16 (15.7) | 10 (17.9) | 0.725 |
| Sickle cell disease | 3 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 0.573 | 0 | 0 | |
| Smoker | 846 (29.5) | 454 (25.1) | 0.001*,a | 15 (14.7) | 7 (12.5) | 0.702 |
| Medication history | ||||||
| HTN medication | 1951 (68.1) | 1270 (70.1) | 0.144 | 80 (78.4) | 51 (91.1) | 0.043*,a |
| Cholesterol reducer | 1302 (45.4) | 770 (42.5) | 0.050 | 57 (55.9) | 39 (69.6) | 0.090 |
| Diabetes medication | 802 (28.0) | 431 (23.8) | 0.002*,a | 50 (49.0) | 28 (50.0) | 0.906 |
| Antidepressant | 352 (12.3) | 242 (13.4) | 0.282 | 50 (49.0) | 27 (48.2) | 0.923 |
| Laboratory values, mean±SD | ||||||
| Total cholesterol | 174.73±54.01 | 168.41±47.29 | <0.001*,b | 174.31±47.45 | 158.98±50.36 | 0.070 |
| Triglycerides | 147.58±114.88 | 126.39±91.33 | <0.001*,b | 168.29±88.99 | 136.39±78.77 | 0.033*,b |
| HDL | 41.33±13.4 | 43.13±14.33 | <0.001*,b | 38.15±11.77 | 36.92±11.51 | 0.546 |
| LDL | 106.58±41.14 | 102.42±40.37 | 0.001*,b | 105.42±39.87 | 97.9±41 | 0.279 |
| Lipids | 6.55±2.74 | 6.4±2.3 | 0.073 | 7.19±2.22 | 6.65±1.77 | 0.132 |
| Blood glucose | 143.23±74.84 | 149.52±82.46 | 0.007*,b | 170.58±105.52 | 157.91±69.36 | 0.421 |
| Serum creatinine | 1.23±1.09 | 1.25±1.07 | 0.405 | 1.26±0.61 | 1.36±1.05 | 0.470 |
| INR | 1.11±0.43 | 1.16±0.54 | 0.001*,b | 1.1±0.19 | 1.18±0.32 | 0.130 |
| Vital signs, mean±SD | ||||||
| Heart rate | 79.02±16.39 | 85±19.84 | <0.001*,b | 79.14±15.01 | 84.71±17.75 | 0.038*,b |
| BP systolic | 153.46±28.04 | 151.71±29.4 | 0.043*,b | 153.88±29.87 | 149.63±25.86 | 0.371 |
| BP diastolic | 82.31±17.79 | 83.44±20.07 | 0.052 | 82.14±20.83 | 83.89±21.01 | 0.614 |
| Ambulation status prior to event | ||||||
| Ambulate independently | 2721 (95.0) | 1534 (84.7) | <0.001*,a | 97 (95.1) | 49 (87.5) | 0.117 |
| Ambulate with assistance | 81 (2.8) | 79 (4.4) | 3 (2.9) | 1 (1.8) | ||
| Unable to ambulate | 43 (1.5) | 109 (6.0) | 1 (1.0) | 3 (5.4) | ||
| Not documented | 20 (0.7) | 88 (4.9) | 1 (1.0) | 3 (5.4) | ||
| Ambulation status on admission | ||||||
| Ambulate independently | 1050 (36.6) | 94 (5.2) | <0.001*,a | 48 (47.1) | 2 (3.6) | <0.001*,a |
| Ambulate with assistance | 1133 (39.5) | 283 (15.6) | 41 (40.2) | 12 (21.4) | ||
| Unable to ambulate | 222 (7.7) | 1196 (66.0) | 6 (5.9) | 40 (71.4) | ||
| Not documented | 460 (16.1) | 238 (13.1) | 7 (6.9) | 2 (3.6) | ||
| Ambulation status on discharge | ||||||
| Ambulate independently | 1618 (56.5) | 339 (18.7) | <0.001*,a | 65 (63.7) | 10 (17.9) | <0.001*,a |
| Ambulate with assistance | 1009 (35.2) | 546 (30.1) | 27 (26.5) | 21 (37.5) | ||
| Unable to ambulate | 178 (6.2) | 694 (38.3) | 6 (5.9) | 18 (32.1) | ||
| Not documented | 60 (2.1) | 232 (12.8) | 4 (3.9) | 7 (12.5) | ||
| rtPA administration | 602 (21.0) | 670 (37.0) | <0.001*,a | 25 (24.5) | 20 (35.7) | 0.136 |
| First care received | ||||||
| Emergency department | 2226 (78.4) | 1489 (82.9) | <0.001*,a | 82 (81.2) | 49 (87.5) | 0.308 |
| Direct admission | 612 (21.6) | 307 (17.1) | 19 (18.8) | 7 (12.5) | ||
| Improved ambulation | 940 (33.4) | 684 (43.0) | <0.001*,a | 26 (26.3) | 24 (49.0) | 0.006*,a |
| Diastolic BP ≥80 mmHg | 1535 (53.6) | 977 (54.1) | 0.772 | 51 (50.0) | 31 (55.4) | 0.519 |
Results for continuous variables are presented as mean±SD, while discrete data are presented as percentage frequency. aPearson’s Chi-square test, bStudent’s t-test, *P<0.05. NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, SD: Standard deviation, HDL: High-density lipoprotein, LDL: Low-density lipoprotein, INR: International normalized ratio, HTN: Hypertension, TIA: Transient ischemic attack, CAD: Coronary artery disease, BP: Blood pressure, rtPA: recombinant tissue plasminogen activator