Table 1.
Population characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Year | Author | Country | Study type | SLE | HC | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size | Female (%) | Age (years) | Sample size | Female (%) | Age (years) | |||||
| 2015 | Barbulescu AL (20) | Romania | case-control | 18 | 16 (88.88) | 45.00 ± 10.81 | 17 | 16 (94.11) | range: 19–64 | |
| 2019 | Barraclough M (21) | UK | case-control | 36 | 34 (94) | 40 ± 12.41 | 30 | 30 (100) | 32 ± 14.44 | |
| 2008 | Ciprandi G (26) | Italy | case-control | 40 | 40 (100) | 41.95 ± 8.3 | 40 | 33 (82.5) | 43 ± 8.2 | |
| 2009 | Colombo BM (27) | Italy | case-control | 80 | 80 (100) | 42.6 ± 9.1 | 80 | 80 (100) | 40.1 ± 9.5 | |
| 2014 | De Jesus GR (28) | Brazil | case-control | 54 | 54 (100) | 34 | 34 (100) | |||
| 2015 | Ding Y (29) | China | case-control | 41 | 30 (73.2) | 11.1 ± 2.4 | 10 | |||
| 2009 | Elhelaly NS (30) | Egypt | case-control | 23 | 21 (91.3) | Range 8–18 | 25 | |||
| 2012 | Edelbauer M (31) | Austria | case-control | 23 | 17 (73.9) | 15 ± 5 | 20 | 5 (25) | 12 ± 3 | |
| 2018 | El-Gazzar II (32) | Egypt | case-control | 84 | 84 (100) | 29.03 ± 5.4 | 33 | |||
| 2017 | Ghazali WSW (33) | Malaysia | case-control | 92 | 26 | 26 (100) | 33.19 ± 10.3 | |||
| LN 46 | 44 (96) | 28.48 ± 9.93 | ||||||||
| Non-LN 46 | 46 (100) | 32.39 ± 11.46 | ||||||||
| 2007 | Heshmat NM (34) | Egypt | case-control | 25 | 24 (96) | 14.1 ± 2.6 | 30 | 29 (96.7) | 14.0 ± 2.5 | |
| 2009 | Hrycek A (35) | Poland | case-control | 48 | 48 (100) | 47 ± 14 | 24 | 24 (100) | 51 ± 15 | |
| 2009 | Hrycek A (36) | Poland | case-control | 21 | 21 (100) | 51 ± 12.4 | 24 | 24 (100) | 51 ± 15.3 | |
| 2008 | Ibrahim FF (37) | Egypt | case-control | 30 | 30 (100) | 25 ± 7.75 | 10 | 10 (100) | 32 ± 7.5 | |
| 1998 | Kikuchi K (38) | Japan | case-control | 17 | 14 (82.4) | 47 ± 12.75 | 20 | 16 (80%) | 50 ± 12.5 | |
| 2013 | Koca SS (39) | Turkey | case-control | 23 | 21 (91.3) | 37.9 ± 9.3 | 28 | 22 (78.6%) | 42.5 ± 13.9 | |
| 2007 | Kuryliszyn-Moskal A (40) | Poland | case-control | 47 | 44 (93.6) | 40.8 ± 13.6 | 30 | |||
| 2014 | Liu J (41) | China | case-control | 75 | 59 (78.7) | 35.42 ± 11.79 | 40 | 31 (77.5) | 33.62 ± 10.21 | |
| 2018 | Merayo-Chalico J (42) | Mexico | case-control | active SLE 6 | 6 (100) | 34.6 ± 4.2 | 6 | 6 (100) | 36 ± 4.1 | |
| remission SLE 6 | 6 (100) | 34.1 ± 4.8 | ||||||||
| 2016 | Novikov A (43) | Russia | case-control | 80 | 72 (90) | 31.5 ± 36.3 | 28 | |||
| 2012 | Moneib HA (44) | Egypt | case-control | 30 | 21 (70) | 28.9 ± 10.2 | 15 | 10 (66) | 35.00 ± 9.48 | |
| 2002 | Navarro C (45) | Mexico | case-control | 28 | 24 (85.7) | 36.6± 16.1 | 24 | 19 (79.2) | 29.2 ± 8.5 | |
| 2005 | Robak E (46) | Poland | case-control | 41 | 38 (92.7) | 40.5 ± 13.5 | 20 | |||
| 2003 | Robak E (47) | Poland | case-control | 60 | 55 (91.7) | 41 ± 14.25 | 20 | 17 (85) | 45 ± 5.75 | |
| 2013 | Robak E (48) | Poland | case-control | 60 | 56 (93.3) | 39.2 ± 11.25 | 20 | 17 (85) | ||
| 2002 | Robak E (49) | Poland | case-control | 52 | 48 (92.3) | 41 ± 14.75 | 20 | 18 (90) | 38 ± 11.75 | |
| 2017 | Willis R (50) | America | case-control | 312 | 30 | 83.3 | 43.5 ± 12.5 | |||
| cohort1 | 267 | 252 (94.4) | 47.6 ± 12.4 | |||||||
| cohort2 | 45 | 44 (97.8) | 44.0 ± 12.1 | |||||||
| 2014 | Zhou L (51) | China | case-control | 54 | 50 (92.6) | 36.81 ± 12.52 | 28 | 22 (78.6) | 37.82 ± 12.86 | |
| Year | Author | Country | Study type | RA | HC | |||||
| Sample size | Female (%) | Age (years) | Sample size | Female (%) | Age (years) | |||||
| 2004 | Ardicoglu O (52) | case-conrol | 38 | 40 | ||||||
| 2001 | Ballara S (12) | UK | cohort | early 44 | 61 | 61 ± 17.78 | 31 | 65 | 49 ± 12.59 | |
| longstanding 78 | 85 | 61 ± 14.07 | ||||||||
| 2000 | Bottomley MJ (53) | UK | case-conrol | 61 | 51 (83.6) | 59 ± 11.75 | 29 | 20 (69.0) | 34 ± 8 | |
| 2005 | Kim HR (62) | Korea | case-conrol | 30 | 24 (80) | 50 ± 8 | 20 | 16 (80) | 30 ± 8 | |
| 2016 | Deveci K (55) | Turkey | case-control | 30 | mean age of 30–50 | 30 | mean age of 30–50 | |||
| 2002 | Drouart M (56) | France | case-control | 50 | 32 (64) | 59.8 ± 12.8 | 64 | 30 (46.9) | 42.1 ± 10.1 | |
| 2016 | do Prado AD (57) | Brazil | case-control | 64 | 50 (78.1) | 55.3 ± 9.8 | 30 | 23 (76.7) | 55.9 ± 11.1 | |
| 2009 | Foster W (22) | UK | case-control | 66 | 41 (62.1) | 58 ± 14 | 49 | 34 (69.4) | 54 ± 10 | |
| 2018 | Gumus A (58) | Turkey | case-control | 59 | 25 | 20 (80.0) | 46.4 ± 13.3 | |||
| joint swelling (+) 31 | 27 (87.10) | 45.06 ± 9.66 | ||||||||
| joint swelling (−) 28 | 25 (89.28) | 45.10 ± 13.03 | ||||||||
| 2014 | Heard BJ (59) | Canada | case-control | 100 | 46.5 ± 14.5 | 100 | 40.0 + 9.5 | |||
| 2008 | Hetland ML (60) | Denmark | case-control | 10 | 10 | |||||
| 2003 | Hashimoto N (61) | Japan | case-control | active RA22 | 18 (81.8) | 54 ± 12.75 | 11 | |||
| 1998 | Kikuchi K (38) | Japan | case-control | 11 | 10 (90.9) | 51 ± 10.75 | 20 | 16 (80) | 50 ± 12.5 | |
| 2007 | Cho ML (54) | Korea | case-control | 72 | 49.6 ± 1.3 | 31 | 47.1 ± 2.1 | |||
| 2006 | Kuryliszyn-Moskal A (63) | Poland | case-control | 64 | 54 (84.4) | 58.6 ± 12.6 | 32 | |||
| 2004 | Kuwana M (64) | Japan | case-control | 11 | 11 (100) | 59.1 ± 12.0 | 11 | 11 (100) | 52.7 ± 10.6 | |
| 2010 | Milman N (65) | Canada | case-control | 47 | 78.70 | 54.3 ± 14.25 | ||||
| 2018 | Misra S (23) | India | case-control | 50 | 46 (92) | 35.90 ± 18.607 | 30 | 28 (93.3) | 34.03 ± 10.3 | |
| 2016 | Novikov A (43) | Russia | case-control | 74 | 59 (79.7) | 54.0 ± 13.33 | ||||
| 2001 | Olszewski WL (66) | Poland | case-control | 20 | 16 (80) | 42 ± 7.5 | 20 | 25 ± 1 | ||
| 2012 | Oranskiy SP (67) | Russia | case-control | 39 (BMI normal) | 82.0 | 53.0 ± 2.75 | 20 | 80.0 | 52.0 ± 2.5 | |
| 2010 | Ozgonenel L (68) | Turkey | case-control | 40 | 32 (80) | 46 ± 12.59 | 38 | 18 (47.4) | 44 ± 11.11 | |
| 2009 | Young HR (69) | America | case-control | 169 | 69.20 | 54.2 ± 11.8 | 92 | 63 | 53.2 ± 11.6 | |
| 2016 | Rodriguez-Carrio J (70) | Spain | case-control | 212 | 175 (82.5) | 54 ± 17.25 | 175 | 102 (58.3) | 51 ± 14.25 | |
| 2016 | Smets P (71) | France | case-control | 80:RA13 | 8 (61.5) | 71 ± 7.97 | 37 | 24 (64.9) | 73.35 ± 8.55 | |
| 2004 | Strunk J (72) | Germany | case-control | active RA 21 | 16 (76.2) | range: 38–79 | 12 | 6 (50) | range: 17–58 | |
| 2010 | Tseng JC (73) | China | case-control | 50 | 50 | |||||
| 2001 | Sone H (24) | Japan | case-control | 155 | 130 (83.9) | 57.9 ± 12.0 | 75 | 62 (82.7) | 55.8 ± 15.4 | |
| 2007 | Zayed A (74) | Egypt | case-control | 40 | range:21–57 | 20 | ||||
| Year | Author | Country | Study type | SSc | HC | |||||
| Sample size | Female (%) | Age (years) | Sample size | Female (%) | Age (years) | |||||
| 2018 | Alekperov R (75) | Russia | case-control | 46 | 20 | |||||
| 2004 | Allanore Y (76) | France | case-control | 40 | 33 (82.5) | 57 ± 12 | 20 | 17 (85) | 51 ± 7 | |
| 2013 | Aydogdu E (77) | Turkey | case-control | 40 | 38 (95) | 48.35 ± 13.2 | 20 | 19 (95) | 49.3 ± 8.5 | |
| 2017 | Benyamine A (78) | France | case-control | 45 | 44 (97.8) | 61.49 ± 11.95 | 41 | 38 (92.7) | 56.09 ± 7.82 | |
| 2014 | Bosello SL (79) | Italy | case-control | 28 | 11 | |||||
| 2014 | Bosello SL (80) | Italy | case-control | 24 | 10 | |||||
| 2002 | Choi JJ (11) | Korea | case-control | 48 | 45 (81.8) | 40.6 ± 13 | 55 | 30 | 38 ± 6 | |
| 2017 | Chora I (81) | Italy | case-control | 55 | 49 (89.0) | 64 ± 11 | 55 | 51 (92.7) | 52 ± 10.25 | |
| VEDOSS 25 | 21 (84.0) | 50 ± 14.5 | ||||||||
| 2016 | Cossu M (82) | Italy | case-control | UCTD/SSC 47 | 52.7 ± 14.2 | 43 | ||||
| SSc without skin fibrisis 48 | 62 ± 13.2 | |||||||||
| limited 51 | 62.1 ± 10.4 | |||||||||
| diffused 35 | 54.6 ± 12.6 | |||||||||
| 2013 | De Lauretis A (83) | UK | case-control | 74 | 59 (79.7) | 51.4 ± 12.1 | 20 | 7 (35) | 32.7 ± 6.3 | |
| 2017 | Delle Sedie A (84) | Italy | case-control | 41 | 40 (97.6) | 56 ± 15 | 31 | 25 (80.6) | 50 ± 16 | |
| 2011 | Distler JHW (85) | Germany | case-control | 40 | 34 (85) | 46 ± 14.5 | 66 | 44 (66.7) | 39 ± 13.75 | |
| 2002 | Distler O (86) | Italy | case-control | 43 | 35 (81.4) | 61 ± 13.75 | 21 | 16 (76.2) | 55 ± 16.75 | |
| 2012 | Dunne JV (87) | Canada | case-control | 40 | 35 (87.5) | 40 | ||||
| diffused 14 | 45.5 ± 9.5 | |||||||||
| limited 26 | 53.8 ± 13.25 | |||||||||
| 2005 | Dziankowska-Bartkowiak B (88) | Poland | case-control | 34 | 26 (76.5) | 48 ± 13.5 | 20 | 19 (95.0) | 46 ± 9.75 | |
| diffused 15 | 8 (53.3) | 45 ± 12 | ||||||||
| limited 19 | 18 (94.7) | 50 ± 10.75 | ||||||||
| 2006 | Dziankowska-Bartkowiak B (89) | Poland | case-control | 28 | 22 (78.6) | 47.5 ± 13 | 20 | 15 (75) | 46 ± 9.75 | |
| diffused 12 | 7 (58.3) | 48 ± 11.5 | ||||||||
| limited 16 | 15 (93.8) | 47 ± 10.75 | ||||||||
| 2013 | Farouk HM (90) | Egypt | case-control | 25 | 21 (84) | 40.3 ± 5.86 | 20 | 17 (85) | 38.9 ± 3.8 | |
| 2014 | Gkodkowska-Mrowka E (91) | Poland | case-control | 66 | 60 (90) | 53 ± 13.25 | 21 | 18 (85.7) | 52 ± 10.25 | |
| 2018 | Gigante A (92) | Italy | case-control | 15 | 15 (100) | 41 ± 10.835 | 10 | 39 ± 10.484 | ||
| 2008 | Hummers LK (93) | America | case-control | 113 | 88.90 | 53.0 ± 12.2 | 27 | 63 | 57.5 ± 2.8 | |
| 2017 | Ibrahim SE (94) | Egypt | case-control | 35 | 33 (94.2) | 30.43 ± 4.53 | 35 | 29.8 ± 4.03 | ||
| 2018 | Kawashiri S (95) | Japan | case-control | 60 | 56 (93.3) | 64 ± 8.889 | 25 | |||
| diffused 16 | 15 (93.8) | 64 ± 6.667 | ||||||||
| limitted 44 | 41 (93.2) | 64 ± 10.37 | ||||||||
| 1998 | Kikuchi K (38) | Japan | case-control | 40 | 37 (92.5) | 53 ± 16.25 | 20 | 16 (80) | 50 ± 12.5 | |
| 2004 | Kuryliszyn-Moskal A (96) | Poland | case-control | 31 | 31 (100) | 55.2 ± 10.4 | 30 | |||
| 2013 | Koca SS (39) | Turkey | case-control | 37 | 32 (86.5) | 45.7 ± 13.6 | 28 | 22 (78.6) | 42.5 ± 13.9 | |
| 2020 | Lv TT (97) | China | case-control | 30 | 18 (75) | 44 ± 12.0 | 15 | |||
| 2004 | Kuwana M (64) | Japan | case-control | 11 | 11 (100) | 57.7 ± 11.8 | 11 | 11 (100) | 52.7 ± 10.6 | |
| 2019 | Michalska-Jakubus M (98) | Poland | case-control | 47 | 47 (100) | 56.43 ± 11.01 | 27 | 27 (100) | 52.37 ± 8.87 | |
| 2010 | Minier T (99) | Hungary | case-control | 131 | 90.80 | 55.9 ± 11.7 | 30 | |||
| diffused 41 | 82.80 | 52.6 ± 13.8 | ||||||||
| limited 90 | 94.40 | 57.4 ± 10.3 | ||||||||
| 2012 | Morgiel E (100) | Poland | case-control | 30 | 26 (86.7) | 54 ± 10.3 | 20 | |||
| 2009 | Papaioannou AI (101) | Greece | case-control | 40 | 33 (82.5) | 56.75 ± 12.5 | 13 | |||
| 2015 | Reiseter S (102) | Norway | cohort | 298 | 243 (82) | 56.0 ± 13.8 | 100 | |||
| 2001 | Sato S (103) | Japan | case-control | 32 | 29 (90.6) | 47 ± 18 | 20 | |||
| 2010 | Riccieri V (104) | Italy | case-control | 65 | 63 (96.9) | 57.3 ± 15.25 | 16 | |||
| 2017 | Saranya C (105) | India | case-control | 55 | median 38 | 30 | median 39 | |||
| 2016 | Shenavandeh S (106) | Iran | case-control | 44 | 40 (90.9) | 40.7 ± 12.8 | 44 | 41 (93.2) | 39.4 ± 11.76 | |
| 2009 | Solanilla A (107) | France | case-control | 35 | 25 | |||||
| 2016 | Yalcinkaya Y (108) | Turkey | case-control | 72 | 66 (92) | 44.9 ± 12.7 | 20 | |||
| 2020 | Waszczykowska A | Poland | case-control | 25 | 21 (84) | 57.1 ± 10.8 | 25 | 20 (80) | 59.4 ± 9.9 | |
| (109) | diffused 8 | 7 (87.5) | 50.6 ± 11.4 | |||||||
| limited 17 | 14 (82.4) | 60.2 ± 9.4 | ||||||||
| 2008 | Wipff J (110) | France | case-control | 187 | 157 (84) | 55.9 ± 13.2 | 48 | 40 (83.3) | 59.4 ± 11.6 | |
| Year | Author | Country | Study type | BD | HC | |||||
| Sample size | Female (%) | Age (years) | Sample size | Female (%) | Age (years) | |||||
| 2018 | Arica DA (111) | Turkey | case-control | 45 | 22 (48.9) | 36.7 ± 10.3 | 28 | 35.7 ± 7.51 | ||
| 2003 | Cekmen M (112) | Turkey | case-control | 39 | 18 (46.2) | 38.1 ± 10.4 | 15 | 7 (46.7) | 39.2 ± 9.3 | |
| 2013 | Eldin AB (113) | Egypt | case-control | 30 | 6 (20) | 30.6 ± 9.36 | 20 | 4 (20) | 26.9 ± 8.38 | |
| 2003 | Erdem F (114) | Turkey | case-control | 33 | 16 (48.5) | 33.2 ± 10.4 | 30 | 9 (30) | 34.0 ± 11.1 | |
| 2012 | Ganeb SS (115) | Egypt | case-control | 70 | 27 (38.6) | 32.84 ± 3.63 | 70 | 29 (41.4) | 32.81 ± 3.89 | |
| 2019 | Gheita TA (116) | Egypt | case-control | 96 | 34.9 ± 10.1 | 60 | 9 (25) | 36.7 ± 12.6 | ||
| active 59 | 11 (18.6) | 33.03 ± 9.8 | ||||||||
| inactive 37 | 6 (16.2) | 36.2 ± 10.1 | ||||||||
| 2011 | Ibrahim SE (117) | Egypt | case-control | 40 | 8 (20) | 40.35 ± 7.34 | 40 | 9 (22.5) | 37.3 ± 7.06 | |
| 2017 | Kul A (118) | Turkey | case-control | active 40 | 16 (40) | 37.6 ± 8.7 | 40 | 18 (45) | 38.8 ± 7.9 | |
| 2009 | Ozdamar Y (119) | Turkey | case-control | active prosterior segment of BD 20 | 7 (35) | 33 ± 6 | ||||
| inactive ocular BD 23 | 10 (43.5) | 35 ± 7 | ||||||||
| 2007 | Ozturk MA (120) | Turkey | case-control | 21 | 6 (28.6) | 35.8 ± 8.6 | 21 | |||
| 2018 | Sertoglu E (121) | Turkey | case-control | 55 | 18 (32.7) | 40 ± 10 | 31 | 12 (38.7) | 40 ± 13 | |
| 2006 | Shaker O (122) | Egypt | case-control | 30 | 20 | 32.6 ± 9.14 | 15 | 20 | 30.13 ± 12.32 | |
| 2013 | Yalcindag A (123) | Turkey | case-control | 65 | 32 (49) | 40.3 ± 9.8 | 21 | 11 (48) | 38.5 ± 9.3 | |
| Year | Author | Country | Study type | KD | HC | |||||
| Sample size | Female (%) | Age (years) | Sample size | Female (%) | Age (years) | |||||
| 2011 | Breunis WB (124) | Netherlands | case-control | early101 | 18 | |||||
| 2001 | Hamamichi Y (125) | Japan | case-control | acute 49 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 38 | 4.5 ± 0.7 | |||
| convalesent 30 | 4.8 ± 0.7 | |||||||||
| 1998 | Maeno N (126) | Japan | case-control | 22 | 10 (45.5) | 2.2 ± 1.425 | healthy 19 | 9 (47.7) | 1.4 ± 1.4 | |
| acute 20 | 10 (50) | 1.5 ± 1.15 | febrile 22 | 10 (45.5) | 1.3 ± 1.4 | |||||
| subacute 13 | 5 (38.5) | 2.5 ± 1.325 | ||||||||
| convalesent 15 | 8 (53.3) | 1.9 ± 1.4 | ||||||||
| 1999 | Ohno T (18) | Japan | case-control | acute 66 | 24 (36.4) | 1.79 ± 2.375 | healthy 18 | 8 (44.4) | 4.25 ± 1.75 | |
| acute phase31 | febrile 18 | 9 (50) | 3.375 ± 2.29 | |||||||
| convalescent phase31 | ||||||||||
| 2002 | Takuro Ohno (127) | Japan | case-control | acute phase 41 | 14 (34.1) | 1.83 ± 2.17 | 25 | 8 (32) | 9 ± 1.75 | |
| convalescent phase 41 | ||||||||||
| 2019 | Su Y (128) | China | case-control | 90 | 51 (56.7) | 2.55 ± 1.72 | healthy 60 | 28 (46.7) | 2.19 ± 2.22 | |
| febrile 40 | 20 (50) | 2.84 ± 1.63 | ||||||||
| 2009 | Ueno K (129) | Japan | case-control | 80 | 37 (46.25) | 2.1 ± 1.8 | febrile 26 | 10 (38.5) | 1.9 ± 1.1 | |
| 2016 | Zeng H (130) | China | case-control | 52 | ||||||
| Year | Author | Country | Study type | AS | HC | |||||
| Sample size | Female (%) | Age (years) | Sample size | Female (%) | Age (years) | |||||
| 2016 | Akar S (13)] | Turkey | case-control | 98 | 27.7 ± 8.6 | 49 | ||||
| 2016 | Deveci K (55) | Turkey | case-control | 30 | mean age of 30–50 | 30 | mean age of 30–50 | |||
| 2002 | Goldberger C (132) | Austria | case-control | 16 | 2 (12.5) | 50.4 ± 2.7 | 8 | |||
| 2015 | Lin TT (133) | China | case-control | 140 | 102 (72.9) | 31.8 ± 9.3 | 90 | 72 (80) | 30.2 ± 8.2 | |
| 2016 | Przepiera-Bedzak H (134) | Poland | case-control | 80 | 16 (20) | 50.9 ± 12.8 | 21 | 8 (38.1) | 48.2 ± 13.5 | |
| 2015 | Przepiera-Bedzak H (135) | Poland | case-control | 61 | 12 (19.7) | 43.3 ± 13.2 | 29 | 19 (65.5) | 48.2 ± 13.5 | |
| 2016 | Przepiera-Bedzak H (136) | Poland | case-control | 81 | 20 (24.7) | 44.7 ± 13.2 | 30 | 19 (63.3) | 43.5 ± 9.4 | |
| 2016 | Sakellariou GT (137) | Greece | case-control | 57 | 4 (7.0) | 39.1 ± 1.4 | 34 | 2 (6.0) | 38.8 ± 1.0 | |
| 2015 | Solmaz D (138) | Turkey | case-control | 98 | 21 (21.4) | 39.3 ± 10.0 | 49 | 12 (24.5) | 39.0 ± 5.9 | |
| 2018 | Solmaz D (139) | Turkey | case-control | 97 | 21 (21.6) | 38 ± 10.4 | 48 | 12 (25) | 41 ± 5.0 | |
| 2019 | Torres L (140) | Sweden | case-control | 204 | 87 (43) | 49 ± 15.56 | 80 | |||
| 2010 | Tseng JC (73) | China | case-control | 50 | 50 | |||||
| Year | Author | Country | Study type | IBD | HC | |||||
| Sample size | Female (%) | Age (years) | Sample size | Female (%) | Age (years) | |||||
| 2018 | Aksoy EK (141) | Turkey | case-control | UC 39 | 15 (38.5) | 46.1 ± 12.6 | 15 | 7 (46.7) | 41.4 ± 12.6 | |
| 2014 | Algaba A (142) | Spain | case-control | 37 (UC = 6) | 20 (54) | 36 ± 13 | 40 | 24 (60) | 43 ± 9 | |
| 2004 | Di Sabatino A (143) | Italy | case-control | CD 25 | 37.8 ± 11.25 | 22 | 38.3 ± 11.25 | |||
| 2007 | Dueñas Pousa I (144) | Spain | case-control | CD 30 | 15 (50) | 44 ± 14 | 30 | 15 (50) | 43 ± 14 | |
| 2006 | Ferrante M (145) | Belgium | cohort | 824 | 466 (56.6) | 38.9 ± 12.07 | 271 | 156 (57.6) | 28 ± 10.37 | |
| 1999 | Griga T (146) | Germany | case-control | 27 | 10 | 5 (50) | 29.3 ± 6.1 | |||
| CD 19 | 8 (42.1) | 34.8 ± 11.0 | ||||||||
| UC 8 | 3 (37.5) | 46.6 ± 19.5 | ||||||||
| 1998 | Griga T (147) | Germany | case-control | 46 | 9 | 5 (55.6) | 31.5 ± 8.0 | |||
| CD 31 | 13 (41.9) | 33.1 ± 7.9 | ||||||||
| UC 15 | 7 (46.7) | 34.5 ± 12.0 | ||||||||
| 2001 | Kanazawa S (148) | Japan | case-control | 22 | 20 | 12 (60) | 60 ± 8 | |||
| CD 11 | 7 (63.6) | 38.5 ± 5.75 | ||||||||
| UC 11 | 6 (54.5) | 56.5 ± 10.75 | ||||||||
| 2003 | Kapsoritakis A (149) | Greece | case-control | 94 | 23 | 38 ± 9 | ||||
| CD 44 | ||||||||||
| UC 50 | ||||||||||
| 2015 | Kleiner G (150) | Italy | case-control | 26;CD15;UC11 | 12 (46.2) | 9 ± 3.75 | 37 | 22 (59.5) | 11 ± 4 | |
| 2004 | Magro F (151) | Portugal | case-control | 218 | 115 | 59 (51.3) | 32 ± 9.75 | |||
| CD 145 | 84 (57.9) | 33 ± 14.5 | ||||||||
| UC 73 | 43 (58.9) | 35 ± 11.75 | ||||||||
| 2011 | Pousa ID (152) | Spain | case-control | active UC 13 | 46 | 46 ± 12 | 26 | |||
| 2007 | Pousa ID (153) | Spain | case-control | CD 70 | 39 (55.7) | 42 ± 13 | 30 | 15 (50) | 43 ± 14 | |
| 1997 | Schurer-Maly CC (154) | Switzer-land | case-control | CD 24 | 32 | |||||
| UC 23 | ||||||||||
| 2020 | deZoeten EF (155) | America | case-control | pediatric | 5/18 (27.8) | 12.7 ± 12.7 | pediatric 17 | 7/18 (38.9) | 12.7 ± 16.5 | |
| active IBD 17 | ||||||||||
| adult | adult 19 | 7/19 (36.8) | 56.9 ± 14.4 | |||||||
| actuve UC 10 | 36.4 ± 11.7 | |||||||||
| inactive UC 10 | 52.6 ± 17.7 | |||||||||
| 2007 | Wiercinska-Drapalo A (156) | Poland | case-control | UC 33 | 13 (39.4) | 43 ± 12.75 | 20 | 5 (25) | 38 ± 6 | |
| Year | Author | Country | Study type | PsA | HC | |||||
| Sample size | Female (%) | Age (years) | Sample size | Female (%) | Age (years) | |||||
| 2009 | Ablin JN (14) | Israel | case-control | skin10 | 4 (40) | 48.6 ± 18.6 | 16 | 12 (75) | 41.69 ± 9.71 | |
| arthritis22 | 10 (45.5) | 47.18 ± 8.15 | ||||||||
| 2007 | Akman A (157) | Turkey | case-control | 46 | 30 (65.2) | 43.2 ± 14.4 | 20 | 7 (35) | 34.6 ± 14.5 | |
| 2010 | Anderson KS (158) | Sweden | case-control | plaque(PV) 14 | 4 (28.6) | 47 ± 10.75 | 14 | |||
| 2001 | Ballara S (12) | UK | cohort | arthritis13 | 62 | 46 ± 17.04 | 31 | 65 | 49 ± 12.59 | |
| 2016 | Batycka-Baran A (159) | Poland | case-control | arthritis 24 | 37.5 | 48.29 ± 9.05 | 36 | |||
| 2012 | Batycka-Baran A (160) | Poland | case-control | plaque-type psoriasis 63 | 41.3 | 42.16 ± 15.42 | 31 | 48.4 | 41.35 ± 15.23 | |
| 2016 | Capkin AA (161) | Turkey | case-control | 48 | 16 (33.3) | 48.6 ± 12.5 | 48 | 20 (41.7) | 52.3 ± 8.4 | |
| 1999 | Bhushan M (162) | UK | case-control | chronic plaque 15 | 6 (30) | 45 ± 13.75 | 13 | 7 (53.8) | 43 ± 14.75 | |
| 2002 | Creamer D (163) | UK | case-control | 22 | 7 (31.8) | 47 ± 12 | 17 | 7 (41.2) | 42 ± 10 | |
| severe 11 | ||||||||||
| moderate 11 | ||||||||||
| arthritis 10 | ||||||||||
| non-arthritis 12 | ||||||||||
| 2010 | Flisiak I (164) | Poland | case-control | chronic plaque 59 | 16 (27.1) | 49.1 ± 2.1 | 20 | |||
| mild 24 | ||||||||||
| moderate 20 | ||||||||||
| severe 15 | ||||||||||
| 2007 | Fink AM (165) | Austria | case-control | arthritis 28 | 10 (35.7) | 54 ± 13 | 9 | 2 (22.2) | 56 ± 9 | |
| active 14 | 4 (28.6) | |||||||||
| inactive 14 | 6 (42.9) | |||||||||
| 2012 | Kaur S (166) | Estonia | case-control | Plaque (PV) 58 | 23 (39.7) | 41.7 ± 12.0 | 58 | 30 (51.7) | 41.4 ± 12.1 | |
| 2014 | Meki AR (167) | Saudi Arabia | case-control | Plaque (PV)58 | 22 (37.9) | 30.17 ± 10.71 | 22 | 11 (50) | 29.36 ± 8.83 | |
| 2020 | Midde HS (168) | India | cohort | 54 | 16 (29.6) | 41.28 ± 11.83 | 54 | 16 (29.6) | 41.22 ± 11.77 | |
| 2002 | Nielsen HJ (169) | Denmark | cohort | Plaque (PV)16 | 9 (56.25) | 24–70 years | 13 | |||
| 2008 | Nofal A (170) | Egypt | case-control | Plaque (PV)30 | 11 (37) | 42 ± 12.2 | 10 | 4 (40) | 38.5 ± 11.6 | |
| 2015 | Przepiera-Bedzak H (135) | Poland | case-control | arthritis 69 | 39 (56.5) | 52.0 ± 12.0 | 29 | 19 (65.5) | 48.2 ± 13.5 | |
| 2016 | Przepiera-Bedzak H (136) | Poland | case-control | arthritis 76 | 43 (56.6) | 50.8 ± 12.7 | 30 | 19 (63.3) | 43.5 ± 9.4 | |
| 2013 | Przepiera-Bedzak H (171) | Poland | case-control | arthritis 80 | 43 (53.8) | 50.1 ± 12.0 | 20 | 12 (60) | 48.1 ± 14.0 | |
| 2016 | Shahidi-Dadras M (172) | Iran | case-control | severe chronic plaque psoriasis 60 | 27 (45) | 38.35 ± 14.96 | 60 | 27 (45) | 39.55 ± 15.24 | |
| 2016 | Shahidi-Dadras M (173) | Iran | case-control | moderate-severe chronic plaque psoriasis 58 | 27 (46.6) | 37.5 ± 14.1 | 60 | 27 (45) | 39.6 ± 15.2 | |
| 2009 | Takahashi H (174) | Japan | case-control | 122 | 41 (33.6) | 47.5 ± 7.6 | 78 | 24 (30.8) | 38.6 ± 12.25 | |
| 2017 | Zheng YZ (175) | China | case-control | Plaque (PV)194 | 74 (38.1) | 39.5 ± 12.70 | 175 | 81 (46.3) | 40.2 ± 7.58 | |
| Year | Author | Country | Study type | GD | HC | |||||
| Sample size | Female (%) | Age (years) | Sample size | Female (%) | Age (years) | |||||
| 2020 | Cheng CW (10) | China | case-control | 40 | 100 | 40.9 ± 13.5 | 14 | 100 | 44.1 ± 13.8 | |
| 2009 | Figueroa-Vega N (176) | Spain | case-control | 44 | 32 (72.7) | 45.11 ± 15.20 | 22 | 14 (63.6) | 43.47 ± 8.62 | |
| active GO 13 | 9 (69.2) | 46.42 ± 12.58 | ||||||||
| inactive GO 13 | 10 (76.9) | 48.77 ± 19.31 | ||||||||
| No GO 18 | 13 (72.2) | 41.85 ± 10.76 | ||||||||
| 1998 | Iitaka M (177) | Japan | case-control | 49 | 39 (79.6) | 34.7 ± 11.9 | 37 | 26 (70.3) | 35.7 ± 11.2 | |
| 2014 | Kajdaniuk D (178) | Poland | case-control | active GO16 | 12 (75) | 37 ± 9 | 22 | |||
| 2016 | Rancier M (179) | Tunisia | case-control | 21 | 4 (19.0) | 44.84 ± 12.10 | 55 | 29 (52.7) | 46.36 ± 11.03 | |
| 2014 | Ye X (180) | China | case-control | 64 | 30 | 20 (66.7) | 32.8 ± 10.8 | |||
| GD 30 | 19 (63.3) | 34.50 ± 13.45 | ||||||||
| active GO34 | 23 (67.6) | 31.06 ± 15.15 | ||||||||
| inactive GO14 | 9 (64.3) | 30.79 ± 17.80 | ||||||||
SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; LN, lupus nephritis; HC, healthy control; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; HC, healthy control; SSc, systemic sclerosis; VEDOSS, very early diagnosis of systemic sclerosis; UCTD, undifferentiated connective tissue disease; HC, healthy control; BD, Behcet’s disease; HC, healthy control; KD, Kawasaki disease; HC, healthy control. AS, ankylosing spondylitis; HC, healthy control; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; CD, Crohn’s disease; UC, ulcerative colitis; HC, healthy control; PsA, psoriasis; PV, psoriasis vulgaris; HC, healthy control; GD, Graves’ disease; GO, Graves’ ophthalmopathy; HC, healthy control.