Table 1.
Representative rG4 functions and examples reported to date
| Region | Representative functions | Key examples | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5′UTR rG4 | Suppress or promote translation | FMR1, NRAS, Zic-1, ESRα, CCND3, TRF2, ADAM10, MT3, BCL-2, TGFβ2, FGF-2, hVEGF, BAG-1, ATR, SMXL4/5 | (16,41,117–121, 123,124,126,127, 132–136,221, 222) |
| 3′UTR rG4 | Suppress translation, regulate alternative polyadenylation, interfere with miRNA targeting, control mRNA localization | PIM1, APP, HIRD11, LRP5, FXR1, FADS2, PSD-95, CaMKIIa | (97,139–141, 145,148) |
| ORF rG4 | Regulate translation, control alternative RNA splicing | APP, MLL1, MLL4, hemL, bswR, hTERT, FMR1, BACE1, TP53, CD44 | (13,96,157,158, 163,164) |
| lncRNA rG4 | Regulate telomerase activity, telomere homeostasis and genome stability, antagonize DHX36 helicase function | hTERC, TERRA, GSEC | (55,172,177–179) |
| miRNA rG4 | Regulate miRNA maturation and post-transcriptional regulation, control miRNA targeting | pri-mir200c, pri-mir451a, pri-mir497, pre-miR92b, pre-let7e, pre-miR149, miR765 | (56,71,145,181, 182) |
| piRNA rG4 | Regulate piRNA metabolism and control piRNA targeting | piR-48164 | (193) |
| tRNA rG4 | Inhibit translation | 5′-tiRNAAla, 5′-tiRNACys | (194,195) |
| rRNA rG4 | Mediate ribosome assembly and associated protein recruitment | ES7, ES27, es3, es6 | (196,197) |