| Agrobacterium sanguineum |
|
|
|
25.2 (max35) |
Mean run time = 0.11 s with acceleration = 138 μm s−2. |
[120] |
|
α-proteobacte-rium AB015520†
|
|
|
†GenBank closest matching organism. |
17.25 ± 4.05 (max55) |
Mean run time = (0.19 − 0.21) s with acceleration = (96 − 124) μm s−2. |
[120] |
|
α-proteobacte-rium KAT8 |
4 |
1 |
|
22 (max28) |
GenBank AF025321. V = 3.1. Mean run time = 3.05 s. |
[121] |
| Alteromonas macleodii |
(2 − 7) |
0.4 |
Monopolar flagellum. |
19 ± 2.9 (max 55) |
Mean run time = (0.13 − 0.2) s with acceleration = (112 − 139) μm s−2. |
[120, 122, 123] |
| Arthrobacter histidinolovorans |
|
0.26 |
|
23.3 (max 55) |
Mean run time = 0.19 s with acceleration = 166 μm s−2. |
[120] |
| Azospirillum brasilense |
2.61⋆
|
0.9⋆
|
Single thick polar flagellum and ca. 22 thin lateral flagella. Lpolar > 5.2⋆, Llateral = (3.1 − 4.51)⋆, nwpolar > 4⋆, nwlateral = (5 − 6)⋆, λpolar = 1.36⋆, λlateral = 0.65⋆, hpolar = 0.13⋆, hlateral = 0.06⋆. |
(13 − 23) |
Strain ATCC 29145. U up to 100 μms−1 has also been reported. |
[124, 125] |
| Azospirillum lipoferum |
2.24 ± 0.32 |
1.4 ± 0.3 |
Single polar flagellum and/or lateral flagella. |
26.9 ± 2.7×
|
Strain ATCC29707. |
[125, 126] |
| Azotobacter vinelandii |
(3 − 5) |
(1.6 − 2.5) |
Peritrichous flagella. λ = (2 − 3), h = (0.4 − 0.59). |
13.1†(8.7‡ − 74) |
†Wild-type strain DJ. ‡Strain DJ77. |
[127–129] |
| Bacillus licheniformis |
(1.5 − 3) |
(0.6 − 0.8) |
Peritrichous flagella. λ = (2.2 − 2.6). |
21.4†
|
Strain 9945-A, grown at 30°C. †At 20°C |
[130–132] |
| Bacillus megaterium |
3 (2 − 5) |
(1.2 − 1.5) |
Peritrichous flagella. N = (26 − 36), nw ≈ 2.5, λ = 3.389 ± 0.166†, h = (0.46 − 0.53)‡. |
(22.2♢ − 47.2♣) |
Swimming speed was studied in function of viscosity. Chamber kept between 19 and 25°C. †Average from 4 strains. ‡The value of λ was used to make the estimate. ♢
η = 1.16. ♣
η = 4.7. |
[25, 128, 131–133] |
| Bacillus subtilis |
(2 − 4) |
(0.7 − 0.8) |
N ≈ 12, L = 7.5, λ = 2.186 ± 0.103†. |
(20 − 32‡) |
Strain BC26 grown at 35°C. †Average of 6 strains. ‡At 30°C, pH between 6 and 7.5. |
[128, 132, 134, 135] |
| Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus |
1.48⋆†
|
0.58⋆†
|
N = 1, L = 4 ± 0.5, nw = 1, λ = 0.565⋆†, h = 0.23⋆†. |
(35† − 160‡) |
([19] report Ω = 600, measured with flagellum tethered). †Strain 109J. ‡Strain HD100. |
[19, 136, 137] |
| Bradyrhizobium japonicum |
(1.62 − 1.74)⋆
|
(0.62 − 0.73)⋆
|
The cell has a thick flagellum (diameter 22nm) and a few thin flagella (12nm). Bases of the thick flagellum distribute at one end of the cell from 10 to 26% of the cell length (average from 35 cells). The average ratio is 18.7%. The bases of the thin flagella distribute widely from 9 to 44% with an average of 23.5%. λthick2.8 ± 0.3⋆, λthin = 0.7 ± 0.04⋆. |
30.4 ± 5.7†
|
Swimming speeds of the wild-type cells (†) and those with a thick flagellum are almost the same (30.3 ± 2.9, strain BJDΔ283), but cells with only thin flagella (BJDΔ293) are much slower (16.8 ± 6.1), with an aberrant and unstable pattern of movement. |
[138] |
|
Campylobacter jejuni†
|
(0.5 − 5) |
(0.2 − 0.5) |
N = (1 − 2), L = (1 − 15), λ = (1.54 − 1.63)⋆, h = (0.34 − 0.38)⋆; λB = (0.96 − 1.12)†, hB = (0.23 − 0.48)†. |
64.8 ± 14.9 (39.3 − 100.2)‡
|
†Helical-shaped. ‡Average of 5 strains (FUM158432, 600, MQ23, MQ26 and VIC) with η ≈ 1. Speeds are available in function of η for all of them. |
[26, 125, 139, 140] |
|
Candidatus Ovobacter propellens |
(4 − 5) |
|
N ≈ 400 forming a prominent tuft that bends backwards and rotates CCW, leading to a right-handed, helical swimming path†. |
(600 − 700)‡
|
ω = (100 − 200), Ω = (50 − 100). †
hpath = (2-3), hpath = (5-10) ‡Some cells may attain U = 1000. |
[141] |
| Caulobacter crescentus |
1.6 |
(0.4 − 0.6) |
N = 1, L = (5.3 − 6.6), λ = 1.08, h = 0.13. |
41.3 ± 7.3†
|
ωmotor = 310 α 47. The authors also measured the torque as 342 ± 42 pN nm. †For wild-type cells swimming in water. |
[142, 143] |
| Chromatium okenii |
(8 − 16) |
(4.5 − 6) |
Lopotrichous flagella. N = 40, L = 25. |
45.9†
|
†At 20°C, strain from R. L. Gherna. |
[129, 130, 144] |
| Clostridium tetani |
6 |
0.5 |
N ≈ 15, nw ≈ 4, λ = 1.8, h ≈ 0.42. |
(0.8 − 11.2)†
|
†Swarming. |
[70, 131–133, 145] |
| Colwellia demingiae |
(1.5 − 4.5) |
(0.26 − 0.6) |
|
21.75 ± 4.85 (max 65) |
Mean run time = (0.15 − 0.16) s with acceleration = (106 − 135)μm s−2. |
[120, 146] |
| Curacaobacter baltica |
2.5 |
1 |
|
21 (max 30) |
Average run length = 6.2s. V = 2. |
[121] |
| Escherichia coli |
2.5 ± 0.6 |
0.88 ± 0.09 |
Peritrichous flagella. Usually N = 6 (N = 3.37 ± 1.59†‡), L = 8.3 ± 2.0†♢ (L = 7.3 ± 2.4†‡), nw ≈ 2, λ = 2.366 ± 0.121♣, h = 0.38†‡⋆. |
24.1 ± 10 (14.2 − 60)♠
|
ω = 131 ± 31†‡(also ω = 270♯), Ω = 23 ± 8†‡, ωmotor = 154 ± 30†‡. Additional parameters measured†: twiddle length = 0.14 ± 0.19 s, run length = 0.86 ± 1.18 s, change in direction from run to run = 68 ± 36°, change in direction while running = 23 ± 23°. †For wild-type strain AW405. ‡Observed in the presence of Alexa Fluor 532. ♢In the presence of motility buffer, at 23°C. ♣Average from 4 strains. ♠Average from values of 10 articles. ♯For strain HCB437 at 32°C. |
[25, 26, 29, 36, 37, 128, 130, 131, 133, 144, 147–155] |
| Flavobacterium uliginosum |
|
0.225 ± 0.035 |
|
22.45 ± 9.75 (max 65) |
Mean run time = (0.16 − 0.17) s with acceleration = (80 − 117)μm s−2. |
[120, 156] |
|
Frigobacterium sp. |
3 |
1 |
|
26 (max 34) |
Strain GOB (GenBank AF321022). Average run length = 10.5s. V = 2.4 |
[121] |
| Haererehalobacter ostenderis |
|
|
|
15.4 (max 35) |
Mean run time = 0.16 s with acceleration = 101μm s−2. |
[120] |
| Halomonas meridiana |
(1.9 − 4.5) |
(0.34 − 1.0) |
N = (1 − 2) lateral flagella. |
14.1 (max35) |
Mean run time = 0.17 s with acceleration = 98μm s−2. |
[120, 157] |
|
Helicobacter pylori†
|
(2.5 − 5) |
(0.5 − 1) |
N = (4 − 6), L = 3.2, λ = 2.1, h = 0.28; λB = 1.65⋆, hB = 0.11⋆. |
25 ± 4.3♢
|
The authors estimated the torque as being 3600 pN nm. †Helical-shaped. ♢Average of two reported results. |
[158–160] |
| Listeria monocytogenes |
(1 − 2) |
|
|
(0.113 ± 0.050† − 0.115 ± 0.046)‡
|
†In the cytoplasm of MTF-16 (vimentin -/-) mouse 3T3 fibroblasts. ‡In the cytoplasm of MTF-6 (vimentin +/+) mouse 3T3 fibroblasts. |
[161] |
| Macromonas bipunctata |
(8 − 12) |
(3 − 5) |
Monopolar flagellum. L = (10 − 15). |
10 |
|
[129, 133] |
| Macromonas mobilis |
20 (12 − 30) |
9 (8 − 14) |
Monopolar flagellum. L = (20 − 40). |
13.3 |
|
[129, 133] |
|
Magnetococcus marinus MO-1 |
1.85 ± 0.4 |
1.33 ± 0.19 |
N = 14 in two sheathed bundles of 7 flagella each on the long axis side of the body. |
98.9 ± 39.5 (max 300) |
|
[162, 163] |
| Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense |
(2.14 − 5.15)⋆†
|
(0.34 − 0.49)⋆†
|
Bipolar flagella. L = 2.4⋆, λ = 0.35, h = 0.02. |
(15 − 45)‡
|
Strain MSR-1 grown at 22°C. †Cells can be either curved or elongated and helicoidal. ‡Velocity was a bimodal distribution with peaks corresponding to 15 μm s−1 (slow mode) and 45 μm s−1 (fast mode) in the presence of a magnetic field (1.5 mT), 50× greater than the earth’s. |
[31, 164, 165] |
| Marine bacterium TW-3 |
2 |
0.8 |
|
44 ± 1(max56) |
V = 1. Mean run length = 0.4s. GenBank AY028198. |
[121, 166] |
|
Marinobacter sp. |
|
0.26 |
|
18.65 ± 0.75 (max 55) |
Mean run time = (0.13 − 0.2) s with acceleration = (98 − 100)μm s−2. |
[120] |
|
Marinobacter strain PCOB-2 |
3.5 |
1 |
|
29 (max 55) |
V = 2.7. |
[121] |
|
Marinocaulobacter sp. |
|
|
|
12.95 ± 1.65 (max45) |
Mean run time = (0.12 − 0.18) s with acceleration = (89 − 92)μm s−2. |
[120] |
| Marinomonas vaga |
|
0.375 ± 0.035 |
|
22.9 ± 0.6 (max 55) |
Mean run time = (0.18 − 0.19) s with acceleration = (125 − 148)μm s−2. |
[120] |
| Marinoscillum furvescens |
(10 − 50) |
(0.2 − 0.5) |
|
32 ± 1 |
Strain M58792
|
[166–168] |
| Microscilla furvescens |
3.5 |
1 |
|
32 (max51) |
Average run length = 14.9s. V = 2.7 |
[121] |
| Myxococcus xanthus |
(4 − 8) |
(0.7 − 0.8) |
|
(0.03 − 0.06)†
|
†Swarming |
[125, 169] |
| Oleiphilus messinensis |
5 |
1 |
|
22 (max 26) |
V = 3.9. |
[121] |
| Photobacterium phosphoreum |
1.2 |
|
N = 1, nw ≈ 2.5⋆, λ = 3.1⋆, h = 0.37⋆. |
|
|
[131, 133] |
| Photobacterium profundum |
2.94⋆
|
1.76⋆
|
Probably monopolar. L = 9⋆, nw ≈ 3.25⋆, λ = 2.22⋆, h = 0.39⋆. |
(25.8† − 28.2‡) |
Data for strain SS9. This species’ motile behaviour was observed as a function of the pressure in the observation chamber p. †At 20°C and p = 0.1 MPa. ‡At 20°C and p = 30 MPa. Motility ceased when p was superior to 170 MPa. For strain 3TCK: Umax = 21.7μms−1 at 20°C and p = 0.1MPa, no motility observed if p > 150 MPa. |
[29] |
| Polaribacter irgensii |
(0.8 − 48) |
(0.25 − 0.5) |
Polar flagella. |
24.6 (max 55) |
Mean run time = 0.23 s with acceleration = 178μm s−2. |
[120, 170] |
| Pseudoalteromonas citrea |
(1.5 − 4.5) |
(0.41 − 1.5) |
Monopolar flagellum. |
32.2 (max75) |
Mean run time = 0.17 s with acceleration = 145μm s−2. |
[120, 122] |
|
Pseudoalteromonas spp. |
(1.8 − 3) |
(0.19 − 1.5) |
Single unsheathed polar flagellum. |
32.633 ± 4.245 (max75) |
Mean run time = (0.17 − 0.2) s with acceleration = (138 − 160)μm s−2. |
[120, 171] |
| Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis |
2.4 |
(0.34 − 1) |
Monopolar flagellum. |
34.7 (max 75) |
Mean run time = 0.23 s with acceleration = 158μm s−2. |
[120, 172] |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
1.5 |
0.5 |
Monopolar flagellum. L = 4.84⋆, nw ≈ 2.5⋆, λ = 1.53 ± 0.086†, h = 0.26⋆. |
51.3 ± 8.4 (32.7 − 71)‡
|
†Average from 3 strains. ‡Average of the values for the strains No.3, No.6, P15, P28 and K, cultured in nutrient broth with aeration at 37°C and observed at 30°C. |
[25, 38, 128–131, 139, 151, 152] |
| Pseudomonas azotoformans |
|
0.19 |
|
18.8 (max 45) |
Mean run time = 0.19 s with acceleration = 102μm s−2. |
[120] |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens |
3.1 ± 0.8 |
0.9 ± 0.1 |
N = 1.5 ± 1.1, L = 8.4 ± 1.3, nw = 2.5, λ = 1.76, h = 0.39. |
77.6 (max 102)†
|
Ω = 2.4. SBW25. †Run speed, other phases of motion differ. |
[173] |
| Pseudomonas putida |
(1.88⋆ − 2) |
(0.87⋆ − 1) |
N = (5 − 7), at one end of the cell (occa-sionally N = 1 to 12). L = (5.52 − 5.9)†, nw ≈ (1 − 2)†, λ = 3.14†, h = 0.73†. |
(27.5 − 75)‡
|
†Data from a micrography of strain PRS2000 with 5 flagella. ‡Data for the strain PRS2000. The average velocity was between 27.5 and 44 and the maximum velocity between 53.8 and 75. The swimming speed of the strain KT2440 was studied as a function of the optical seeding density. |
[174, 175] |
| Rhizobium lupini |
|
|
N = (2 − 3) complex flagellar filaments with nw ≈ (2 − 3), λ = 2.28, h = 0.6. |
52.4 |
|
[176] |
|
Rhizobium sp. |
2 |
0.8 |
|
22 (max 30) |
Strain SDWo52 (GenBank AF345550). Average run length = 2.07s. V = 1. |
[121] |
| Rhodobacter sphaeroides |
(2.91⋆ − 3) |
(1.47⋆ − 2.2) |
Single sub-polar flagellum. L = 9.95⋆ (or (2 − 5) × B), nw ≈ 3†, λ = 2.2, h = 0.7. Only clockwise rotation was observed. |
15.45 ± 6.9 (max 80)‡
|
Ω = 2.7 ± 1.6. †Roughly. ‡Average from two articles for strain WS8. Speed studied as a function of pH. |
[125, 177–179] |
| Roseobacter litoralis |
(1 − 2) |
(0.6 − 0.9) |
N ≥ 3⋆ sub-polar flagella. |
24.43 ± 6.74 (max 75) |
Mean run time = (0.16 − 0.18) s with acceleration = (94 − 146)μm s−2. |
[120, 180] |
| Salmonella enteditidis |
(2 − 5) |
(0.7 − 1.5) |
Peritrichous flagella. λ = 2.335 ± 0.088†. |
(30.2‡ − 40♢) |
Strain JOR2 incubated at 37°C. Motility studied in function of viscosity. †Average from 3 strains. ‡
η = 1.3. ♢
η = 3.2. |
[26, 128] |
| Salmonella paratyphi |
(3 − 4) |
0.6 |
λ = 2.34 ± 0.078†. |
25.68 ± 4.64‡
|
†Average from 6 strains. ‡For Paratyphi A, average from 5 strains. For Paratyphi B: U = 25.54 ± 4.41 μm s−1, average from 5 strains. All 10 strains were examined at pH7 |
[128, 129, 133, 151] |
| Salmonella typhi |
(2 − 3) |
(0.6 − 0.7) |
Peritrichous flagella. N = 6, L = (9.16 − 11.76)⋆†, nw ≈ (3 − 4.5)†, λ = 2.293 ± 0.061‡, h = 0.35⋆†. |
25.11 ± 0.46♢
|
†Watson’s strain. ‡Average from 12 strains. ♢Average from 5 strains at pH7. Temporal variation of the swimming speed and effect of temperature over motility were studied. |
[128, 129, 131, 133, 151] |
| Salmonella typhimurium |
1.4 ± 0.3 |
(0.5 − 0.73 ± 0.02) |
N = 4.9 ± 3†, L = 5.7, nw ≈ 3, λ = 2.35 ± 0.091‡, h = 0.18 ± 0.03†. |
31.7 ± 11.9(18.4 − 55)♢
|
ω = 112 at 25°C. †Strain SJW3076. ‡Average from 10 strains. ♢Average of all values we registered. For the wild type strain U = 18.4 ± 8.8 μm s−1. |
[21, 30, 128, 131, 133, 139, 151, 153, 179] |
| Sarcina ureae |
(1.97⋆ − 4) |
|
Peritrichous flagella. L = (13.3 − 15.7)⋆, nw ≈ (2 − 5), λshort = 1.639 ± 0.0054, λlong = 3.193 ± 0.0048, h = 0.37⋆. |
(18.75† − 28.1‡) |
Occurs in packets of 8 cocci with one flagellum per cell. †
η = 1.16. ‡Strain ATCC 13881 at 20°C. |
[25, 128, 130, 131, 135] |
| Selenomonas ruminantium |
3.98⋆
|
1.17⋆
|
N = 6 ± 1.4, Three configurations of flagella were observed in function of pH and salt concentration: Coiled form: Left-handed helix with λ ≈ 0, h = 0.965, when pH = (5 − 8) in the absence of salt. Normal: Left-handed helix with λ = 4.7, h = 0.965, when pH >8, for every salt concentration. Large Curly: Right-handed helix with λ = 4.84, h = 0.93, when pH <5. For pH <3 the flagella were disintegrated. |
16 ± 6 |
S. ruminantium subsp. lactilytica TAM6421 (NBRC103574) grown anaerobically at 37°C. |
[30] |
| Serpens flexibilis |
(8 − 12) |
(0.3 − 0.4) |
Bipolar and lateral. N = (4 − 10) per tuft, L = (15 − 30), λ = 0.88, h = 0.29. |
(1.11† − 16‡) |
†Strain PFR-1 at 30°C with 0.5% agar. ‡Strain PFR-3, η = 6.5. |
[152, 181] |
| Serratia marcescens |
1 |
0.5 |
Peritrichous flagella. N > 4, nw ≈ 1.5, λ = (0.965 ± 0.037 − 2.591 ± 0.108), h = 0.09. |
(33.7† − 42.6‡)×
|
†
η = 1.16. ‡
η = 4.7. |
[19, 25, 128, 129, 131] |
| Shewanella frigidimarina |
|
0.226 ± 0.057 |
|
24.23 ± 3.82 (max 65) |
Mean run time = (0.13 − 0.21) s with acceleration = (86 − 147)μm s−2. |
[120, 182] |
| Shewanella pealeana |
(2 − 3) |
(0.34 − 0.6) |
N ≥ 3 polar flagella. |
26.9 (max 55) |
Mean run time = 0.15 s with acceleration = 109μm s−2. |
[120, 183] |
|
Spirillum gracile†
|
(5 − 10.9⋆) |
(0.25 − 0.43⋆) |
Bipolar flagella. L = (1.55 − 4.3)⋆, λ = (2 − 3.5)⋆, h = (0.24 − 0.34)⋆. |
(28.1‡ − 34♢) |
Strain D-5 observed at 22-23°C. Geometry comes from strains D-2 and D-3. †Helical-shaped. ‡
η = 1. ♢
η = 2. |
[152, 184] |
|
Spirillum serpens†
|
8.2 (3 − 35.17⋆) |
(1 − 2.34⋆) |
Bipolar flagella. N = 2 × (10 − 15), L = 11.43⋆‡, nw ≈ 1, λ = (2.7 − 13⋆‡), h = (0.55 − 1.37⋆‡); λB = 8.2(7.1 − 9.7), hB = 2.1(1.5 − 3). |
(22.8♢ − 60♣) |
†Helical-shaped. ‡Leifson’s strain. ♢
η = 1.16. ♣
η = 2, at 22-23°C. |
[25, 131, 133, 152, 185–187] |
|
Spirillum volutans†
|
21.74 ± 8.4 (13.5 − 60)⋆
|
(0.97⋆ − 2.5)⋆
|
N = 75(46 − 200), L = (12.43⋆ − 17.8‡), nw ≈ 1.1, λ = (6.5 − 12.88), h = 1.3⋆(hL = 5.3 ± 0.68♢, hT = 3.68 ± 0.97♢); λB = 18.12⋆, hB = 2.08⋆. |
63♣(41.5♣ − 85.05) |
ω = 40, Ω = 13. †Helical-shaped. ‡Gray’s strain, the flagellum was not entirelly in the microscopy. ♢Unipolar cells of strain ATC 19554 could swim either with Leading or Trailing flagella. At 28°C: UL = 53 ± 36.7, ωL = 34.3 ± 21.7; UT = 81.7 ± 45.8, ωT = 82.8 ± 55. ♣The author was not sure whether it was S. volutans species. |
[19, 125, 133, 151, 187–190] |
| Streptococcus |
(3 − 3.27) |
(1.27 − 1.36) |
N = 3.5 ± 0.2, λ = 3.51⋆, h = 0.69⋆. |
16.8 ± 3.7†
|
Ω = 6.7 ± 2.4, ω = 88.5 ± 22.16, at 22°C, η = 1. Strains smooth-swimming SM197 and wild-type V4051 grown at 35°C, pH7.5. Measurements of swimming speed and bundle frequency are available for η hanging from 1 to 10, at 22°C, and in function of the temperature from 10 to 45°C. †For wild-type V4051 in solution with no Ficoll. Other parameters measured: tumble length = 0.18 ± 0.07 s, run length = 1.71 ± 0.9 s, change in direction from run to run = 63 ± 14°, change in direction between runs = 26 ± 8°. |
[21, 132, 150, 191] |
| Synechococcus |
2 |
1 |
Synechococcus swim without the benefit of flagella. Their means of locomotion is not known. |
(5 − 25) |
Ω ≈ 1. |
[192, 193] |
| Thiospirillum jenese |
(30 − 100) |
(2.5 − 4) |
At least 60 polar flagella. L = (10 − 12). |
(18.75† − 86.5‡) |
†
η = 1.16. ‡Strain from R. L. Gherna, in a synthetic medium specifically developed for large photosynthetic purple sulfur bacteria by Pfennig and Lippert. Motile behaviour observed in function of viscosity. |
[25, 129, 130] |
| Thiovulum majus |
7 ± 3(5 − 25)⋆†
|
|
N ≈ 100 peritrichous flagella. L = 2.3⋆. |
330 (150 − 600) |
ω = (20 − 63), Ω = 6.6 ± 3.4, cells were attached and exerted a force of ≈ 40 pN in the surrounding water. Cells swam in helical paths of hpath = (5-40), λpath = (40-250), in periods of (0.2 − 1) s. †Different sizes have been reported for different populations of the same species. |
[125, 194–196] |
| Vibrio alginolyticus |
1.92 ± 0.46 |
0.8 ± 0.49 |
L = 5.02 ± 1.15, nw = 2.76(= L/Λ), λ = 1.58 ± 0.14, Λ = 1.82 ± 0.16, h = 0.14 ± 0.02. |
(77† − 147‡) |
ω = (690† − 1660‡). Mutant YM42 grown in HI broth at 37°C. †At 25°C. ‡At 35°C. |
[21, 129, 153, 197, 198] |
| Vibrio anguillarum |
(1 − 3.28⋆) |
(0.5 − 1⋆) |
Sheathed polar flagella. L > 4.5⋆†, nw > 1, λ = 2.73⋆, h = 0.3⋆. |
(25‡ − 40♢) |
Strain NB10. †Flagellum not entirely in the picture. ‡At 5°C. ♢At 25°C |
[199–201] |
| Vibrio campbellii |
|
|
|
17.5 (max 45) |
Mean run time = 0.16 s with acceleration = 109μm s−2. |
[120] |
| Vibrio cholerae |
(1.4 − 3.4)⋆
|
(0.45 − 0.8) |
N = 1, nw ≈ 1, λ = 2.43 (or 1.86 × W⋆), h = (0.17 − 0.32⋆) (or 0.56 × W⋆). |
64.6 ± 11.2 (50.56 − 99)†
|
†Average from all the values registered, for the strains O139, VO18, AP7, AP5, AI1854 and NW13 and 4 unmentioned ones. |
[26, 38, 129, 131, 133, 139, 151, 202] |
| Vibrio comma |
(1.4 − 4) |
(0.5 − 0.80) |
|
200 |
|
[129, 194] |
| Vibrio parahaemolyticus |
(2 − 2.38⋆†) |
(0.82 − 0.87⋆†) |
Cells produce sheathed polar flagellum suited for swimming and numerous unsheathed lateral flagella (under viscous conditions) suited for swarming. Mutants with only one configuration of flagella were also examined: swimming strain RS313 (single polar) and swarmer strain ML34 (lateral). L = (1.83† − 5.7)⋆, λpolar = 1.16⋆, hpolar = 0.15⋆
|
(15 − 60)‡
|
The monopolar flagellum had its efficiency reduced with an increase in viscosity while cells with only lateral flagella were slower both in high and low viscosities. †Strain H-926, cell outside swarming zone ‡Wild-type strain B22 with both lateral and polar flagella |
[71, 203, 204] |
| Vibrio splendidus |
|
0.26 |
|
19.4 (max 45) |
Mean run time = 0.17 s with acceleration = 91 μm s−2. |
[120] |
