. 2021 Jun 10;16(6):e0252291. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252291

Table 9. Data for ciliates.

Species	Geometry			Kinematics		References
Species	B	W	Cilia	U	Notes	References
Amphileptus gigas	808	136		608		[94]
Amphorides quadrilineata	138	47		490		[95]
Balanion comatum	16^†		This species has one caudal cilium.	220 ± 10	^†Equivalent spherical diameter.	[166]
Balantidium entozoon	(84.5^⋆ − 106)	(43.26^⋆ − 55.6)	Cells can swim either with dexio-symplectic (slow swimming, right handed spiral path, λ_MW = 3.83^⋆) or dexio-antiplectic metachrony (fast swimming, left handed spiral path, λ_MW = 6.32^⋆), ℓ = (3.71 − 4.72).			[24, 61]
Blepharisma sp.	350	120	ℓ = 7.5, N = 7000 (excluding compound cilia), κ = 0.1.	600	V = 1830000.	[243, 270, 383]
Cepedea sp.	333^⋆	148.5^⋆	Symplectic metachrony, λ_MW = 37, ℓ ≈ 25^⋆.		Considering 250× magnification.	[61]
Coleps hirtus	(66 − 123^⋆)	(30 − 72.9^⋆)	Cilia distributed regularly, d ≈ 10. Antiplectic metachronism (similar to Paramecium), ℓ = 24.7.	686		[61, 94]
Coleps sp.	78	35		523		[94]
Colpidium campylum	85.4^⋆	42.5^⋆	ℓ = 8.16^⋆, d = 2.45^⋆, antiplectic metachronism (similar to Paramecium), λ_MW = (8.67 − 11.4)^⋆.			[61]
Colpidium sp.	79.1	38.6	Dexioplectic metachronism, λ_MW ≈ 10.			[24]
Colpidium striatum	77 ± 4	35.4 ± 2.2		(max 570)	U(T) and U(η) are available.	[384, 385]
Colpoda sp.	117.7^⋆	64.96^⋆	ℓ = 10.7^⋆, d = 3.57, antiplectic metachronism (similar to Paramecium), λ_MW = (7.93 − 10.7)^⋆.			[61]
Condylostoma patens	371	102		1061		[24, 94]
Didinium nasutum	126^†(80 − 200)	83.1^†(60 − 107)	ℓ = 12.5, N = 1750 divided in 2 circular rows, κ = 0.2, dexioplectic metachrony, λ_MW = 17^⋆.	1190^†(464 − 3000)	V = 543000. ^†Average of our registered values.	[24, 61, 94, 243, 263, 270, 383, 384]
Epistylis sp.	36.3 ± 4.1^†	29.5 ± 1.2^†			f = (11 − 12.5). ^† E. daphniae.	[386, 387]
Euplotes charon	(49 − 83)	(34 − 69)		1053	At 19°C, Λ_path = 282.	[94]
Euplotes patella	(143 − 261)	124 (91 − 156)		1250		[94]
Euplotes vannus	82 ± 11	(26 ± 5^† − 47 ± 7^‡)		446 ± 130^‡	^†Width. ^‡Height. ^♢Straight swimming. The influence of Hg++ on its motile behaviour has been also measured. There is also data of its swimming in microchannels with bent angles. Cells are also reported to walk.	[388, 389]
Eutintinnus cf. pinguis	147	24		410		[95]
Fabrea salina	184.1^⋆	120.8^⋆		(149^† − 283^‡)	^†At 18°C. ^‡At 30°C.	[390, 391]
Favella ehrenbergi				920	V = 150000.	[243]
Favella panamensis	238	94		600		[95]
Favella sp.	150	65		1080		[95]
Frontonia sp.	(282 − 475)	213 (141 − 285)		1632	At 21.5°C, Λ_path = 1000.	[94]
Halteria grandinella	21.7 ± 2.3 (max 60)	50		533^†	^†Cells jumped 8.05 ± 5.23min⁻¹ after encounter with rotifer predator Synchaeta pectinata, with velocity = 2760 ± 640 (max 3890) μm s⁻¹, covering a distance = 370 ± 260(max1300) μm, at 20°C.	[33, 94]
Kerona polyporum	107	64	Cells have 6 rows of cirri.	(465 − 488)	Λ_path = 222.	[94]
Koruga sp.	(300 − 400)	(200 − 300)	ℓ = (20 − 30), symplectic metachrony, λ_MW = (22 − 40).	$O (100)$		[24]
Laboea strobila	100	49		810		[95]
Lacrymaria lagenula	42	45		909	At 26°C.	[94]
Lembadion bullinum	43	36		415		[94]
Lembus velifer	87	17		200		[94]
Mesodinium rubrum	(22^† − 45^‡)	38		(6100 ± 1300^† − 9600 ± 300^‡)^♢	f = 60. ^†Small cells. ^‡Large cells. ^♢At 21°C.	[6, 392, 393]
Metopides contorta	115	33	Cells have 5 rows of long cilia. Dexioplectic metachrony, λ_MW = 17.1.	359		[24, 94]
Mixotricha sp.	(400 − 500)	(200 − 300)	ℓ = 10, symplectic metachrony, λ_MW = 7.5.		f > 5. Cilia organelles are symbiotic spirochaetes.	[24]
Nassula ambigua	(118 − 168)	(59 − 79)		2004	At 19.5°C, Λ_path = 1185.	[94]
Nassula ornata	282	90		750		[94]
Nyctotherus cordiformis	139	97.2	ℓ = 7^⋆, symplectic, dexio-symplectic and dexio-antiplectic metachronies were observed, λ_MW = 26.6.			[24, 61]
Opalina obtrigonoidea	363^⋆†	113.8^⋆	ℓ = 21.63^⋆, d = (1.8 − 7.6)^⋆, symplectic metachrony.		^†Not entirely in the picture.	[61]
Opalina ranarum	375^†(200 − 500)	(112 − 300^⋆)	ℓ = 15.35^† (10 − 20), N = 10⁵, d = (0.33 − 3), κ = 1.2^†(1 − 2), symplectic metachrony, λ_MW = (30 − 50).	50	f = 3.6^† (1 − 5), c_MW = (20 − 200). ^†Average of all registered values.	[19, 24, 94, 270, 276, 281, 383, 394, 395]
Ophryoglena sp.	252^⋆(200 − 450)	(92.8 − 104^⋆)	Dexio-antiplectic metachronism, λ_MW = 10.33^⋆(10 − 13).	4000		[19, 24, 61, 396]
Opisthonecta henneg	126	75	Dexioplectic metachrony.	1197	f = (10 − 36).	[24, 397]
Oxytricha bifara	(235 − 329)	94		1210		[94]
Oxytricha ferruginea	150	64		400		[94]
Oxytricha platystoma	(120 − 140)	(40 − 60)		520		[94]
Paramecium aurelia	125 (98 − 390)	31 (21 − 120)		1310 (800 − 2500)	At 21°C, Λ_path = 1500.	[94, 398]
Paramecium bursaria	126(60 − 200)	57 (30 − 86)		1365 (1000 − 2083)	At 25°C, 3 different strains.	[94, 398]
Paramecium calkinsii	120 (70 − 178)	44 (30 − 70)		995(347 − 2437)		[94, 398]
Paramecium caudatum	242(140 − 311)	48 (35 − 70)	ℓ = 12, κ = (0.5 − 11.1), dexioplectic metachrony, λ_MW = 12.	1476.5^†(478.7^‡ − 4500)	f_mouth = 35.5 ± 3.1^♢([386] reports f_mouth ≈ 8 ± 0.1), f_anterior = 34.5 ± 3.4^♢, f_body = 31.4 ± 8.3^♢, f_posterior = 15.2 ± 2.3^♢. Ω = 1.05 ± 0.296^♢. V = 303000. Λ_path = 1731, λ_path = (500 − 1000), h_path = (40 − 150). ^†Average of three values registered. ^‡At 16.4°C. ^♢ η = η_water. Influence of viscosity and temperature over motility was studied.	[19, 24, 94, 107, 243, 281, 386, 395, 398, 399]
Paramecium marinum	115	49	λ_MW = 10.8.	930	At 19°C.	[94, 398]
Paramecium multimicronucleatum	251 ± 18 (168 − 280)	62 (42 − 77)	ℓ ≈ 14.2, d = (2.56 − 4.2), antiplectic metachronism, λ_MW = 10.7^†.	2843(2173 − 4166)	f = 32.5 ± 2.5^†. ^†At 20°C, η = 1 and pH7.2.	[61, 398, 400, 401]
Paramecium polycaryum	88(70 − 112)	31 (21 − 50)		1470 (500 − 2500)		[398]
Paramecium spp.	210(150 − 250)		ℓ = (10 − 12), N = 5000, κ = (0.25 − 0.5), dexio-antiplectic metachronism, λ_MW = (7 − 14)^†.	1000 (750 − 1200)	f = 32^†, c_MW = 350. Increase in viscosity ⇒ decrease in f and increased λ_MW. ^†At 20°C and η = 1.	[24, 61, 91, 270, 281, 383]
Paramecium tetraurelia	124 ± 20	46 ± 5		784 ± 31(max1376)	f_cortex = 35 ± 4, f_mouth = 66 ± 8, c_MW = (461 − 1596). Wild-type cells of stock d4-2 grown at 27°C swimming in 0.2 ml in depression slides maintained at a temperature between 20 and 25°C. There is data available for some mutants too.	[402]
Paramecium woodruffi	169 (98 − 222)	62 (42 − 72)	Antiplectic metachrony.	2000(1250 − 2777)	This species could also swim in right-handed spirals with U = 609(581 − 666).	[398]
Porpostoma notatum	107.7^⋆	29^⋆		(1583.4 − 2101)^⋆		[256]
Prorodon teres	175	160		1066		[94]
Protoopalina sp.	315^⋆	92.4^⋆	ℓ = 15.1, symplectic metachrony, λ_MW = (20.54 − 27.6).			[61]
Pseudocohnilem-bus pussilus				320	V = 2500.	[243]
Spathidium spathula	(172 − 237)	(21 − 43)		526		[94]
Spirostomum ambiguum	(950 − 1140)	95	ℓ = 8.2, antipletic metachrony, λ_MW = 8.5.	810	f = 30.	[94, 403]
Spirostomum sp.	1000	130	ℓ = 12, N = 10⁵ (excluding compound cilia), κ = 0.2.	1000		[270, 383]
Spirostomum teres	(300 − 600)	(50 − 60)		640		[94]
Stenosemella steinii	83	58		190		[95]
Stentor coeruleus	(420 − 637)	(139 − 308)		1500	f = (26 − 42), Λ_path = 1140.	[94, 386]
Stentor polymorphus	208	(15.2 − 152)	ℓ = 27.5, d = 3.5, dexioplectic metachrony, λ_MW = 13.	(817 − 957)	f = 33, c_MW = 760. Propagation velocity of bend = 1060(max1200) μm s⁻¹.	[19, 94, 276, 404]
Stentor sp.	(200 − 2000)		ℓ = 30, (2 − 3) rows of about 20 closely packed cilia. Dexioplectic metachronism, λ_MW = 22.43 ± 2.11^† (18.6 − 27.5).		f = 26.73 ± 7.45^† (10.25 − 36.3), c_MW = 577.4 ± 140.7^† (282 − 784). ^†Average of all the values registered, at different temperatures and viscosities.	[24, 281]
Strobilidium spiralis	60	50		330		[95]
Strobilidium velox	43 ± 9			150 ± 90 (max 480)^†	^†Pre-jump velocity. Cells jumped (3.58 ± 2.92min⁻¹ at 24°C, 1.67 ± 3.28min⁻¹ at 17°C) spontaneously and after encounter with rotifer predator Asplanchna girodi. In spontaneous jumps U = 7320 ± 1090 (5570 ± 1230) covering a distance of 9090 ± 1950 (12170 ± 1930) μm at 24°C (17°C) in a trajectory 99.56 ± 0.32 (98.53 ± 1.3) % linear. In jumps following encounters U = 6950 ± 2100(max 16070) for a distance = 1500 ± 900(max 4410) μm at 17°C.	[33]
Strombidinopsis acuminatum	80	30		390		[95]
Strombidium claparedi	(64 − 75)	43		3740	At 18°C.	[94]
Strombidium conicum	75	43		570		[95]
Strombidium sp.	33	25		360		[95]
Strombidium sulcatum	(30 − 35)	(20 − 25)		850 (490 ± 17 − 1517^†)	V = 9000. At 20°C. Swimming speeds as a function of the concentration of bacteria available (an increase in concentration reduced the swimming speed). ^†Average from 6 trackings	[32, 243, 256]
Stylonichia sp.	167	86	ℓ = 50, 18 cirri (with (8 − 22) component cilia), d = 4.5, λ_MW = 25.5(28 − 40).	(475 − 1000)^†	f = (36 − 59). At 22°C. Cells can also walk with speed = (100 − 2500)μm s⁻¹.	[24, 94, 276, 405]
Tetrahymena pyriformis	70 (55.7 − 89.77^⋆)	27.5^⋆(20 − 45)	ℓ = (7 − 14.35^⋆), N = 500 (excluding compound cilia) divided in (17 − 23) columns, κ = 0.2, d = (2.84 − 6.16)^⋆, dexio-antiplectic metachrony (similar to Paramecium), λ_MW ≈ 16.2.	480 (451.2 − 500)	f = 20.	[19, 24, 61, 270, 383, 406]
Tetrahymena thermophila	(46.2 − 47.1)^⋆	(28.3 − 28.8)^⋆	ℓ = 5.30 ± 0.95^⋆.	204.5 ± 24.2^×	f = 15.9 ± 3.7. Values for wild-type cell (CU427.4)	[407]
Tillina magna	162 (150 − 175)	82 (75 − 90)		2000	At 25°C.	[24, 94]
Tintinnopsis kofoidi	100	29		400		[95]
Tintinnopsis minuta	40	26		60		[95]
Tintinnopsis tubulosa	95	39		160		[95]
Tintinnopsis vasculum	82	49		250		[95]
Trachelocerca olor	(235 − 300)	(35 − 40)		900		[94]
Trachelocerca tenuicollis	432	43		1111	Λ_path = 303.	[94]
Urocentrum turbo	90	60	2 circular rows.	700	At 28.5°C, Λ_path = 333.	[94]
Uroleptus piscis	203	52		487	At 22°C.	[94]
Uroleptus rattulus	400			385	(Synonym of Uroleptus lamella). At 21°C.	[94, 408]
Uronema filificum	(23.6 − 27.8)^⋆	(13.3 − 14.9)^⋆		1372.7^⋆†	^†Tracking of straight swimming.	[256, 409]
Uronema marinum	40 (30 − 83.8^⋆)	(16 − 41^⋆)	ℓ = 15.9^⋆, d = (5.3 − 7.97), antiplectic (similar to Paramecium).	(150 ± 130^† − 1400 ± 600^‡)	V = 1000. ^†Inside the food patch cells. ^‡Outside the food patch cells.	[61, 94, 243, 256, 263]
Uronema sp.	25	11.25	ℓ = 5, N = 200 (excluding compound cilia), κ = 0.6.	(1150 − 1200)	V = 1600.	[243, 270, 383]
Uronemella spp.	(25 − 31.17^⋆)	22^⋆	N ≈ 100, ℓ = 5.38^⋆.	250	The cells exert a force of ≈50 pN.	[196]
Uronychia setigera	64 ± 7^†	31^⋆		7347 ± 1170	Helical trajectories have also been characterised. ^†The body represents 60% of the total length (64) and the transverse cirri 40%.	[410]
Uronychia transfuga	118 ± 10^†	63^⋆		6406 ± 876	Helical trajectories have also been characterised. ^†The body represents 70% of the total length (118) and the transverse cirri 30%.	[410]
Vorticella microstoma	55(35 − 83)	35(22 − 50)			f = (6 − 8). Species in the genus Vorticella can live as a free-swimming telotroch and as a sessile stalked trophont. The stalk is reported to be 90(20 − 385) μm in length, and can be contracted at an average rate of (10000 − 20000) μm s⁻¹.	[386, 411, 412]