. 2021 Jun 11;19(5):673–697. doi: 10.1007/s40258-021-00659-z

Table 3.

Identified outbreak costing studies that contained cost or labour information on non-pharmaceutical interventions

1st author, Publication year [Reference]	Year of intervention	Country	Pathogen	Target group	Intervention characteristic	Cost measured	Cost
Isolating infectious individuals
Christie, 1995 [9]	1993	USA	Pertussis	Healthcare workers during pandemic influenza	Furloughing isolated infected individuals	Cost per case	971.26
Christie, 1995 [9]	1993	USA	Pertussis	Healthcare workers during pandemic influenza	Case confirmation	Laboratory testing (per sample)	71.42
Wahl, 2011 [10]	2009	Norway	Escherichia coli	Parents of children in child-care	Isolating infected children	Work-days lost by parents per infected case	25.38
Ma, 2017 [11]	2015	China	Measles	Office workers	Isolating infected	Mean work-days lost	8.7 (95 % CI 8.5–8.9)
Ma, 2017 [11]	2015	China	Measles	Office workers	Isolating infected	Mean wages lost	593.14 (95 % CI: 546.03–640.24)
Galante, 2012 [12]	2009–2010	Spain	H1N1	Community	Isolating infected	Cost of work absenteeism	672.05
Galante, 2012 [12]	2009–2010	Spain	H1N1	Community	Isolating infected	Cost of work absenteeism due to caregiving responsibilities	57.51
Mota, 2011 [13]	2009	Brazil	H1N1	Physician in community outbreak	Isolating infected	Staff replacement (cost per day)	276.66
				Physician in community outbreak	Isolating infected	Productivity loss (cost per day)	122.85
				Nurse in community outbreak	Isolating infected	Staff replacement (cost per day)	82.84
				Nurse in community outbreak	Isolating infected	Productivity loss (cost per day)	98.98
				Nurse assistant in community outbreak	Isolating infected	Staff replacement (cost per day)	53.85
				Nurse assistant in community outbreak	Isolating infected	Productivity loss (cost per day)	50.65
Sugerman, 2010 [14]	2008–2009	USA	Measles	Children	Isolating infected children	Mean cost per case	946.57
					Case confirmation	Laboratory work (hours per confirmed case)	322
					Case confirmation	Laboratory materials and work (cost per confirmed case)	641.35
Gallagher, 2013 [15]	2009	USA	Escherichia coli	Parents of isolating children	Isolating infected children	In-home childcare cost	1814.05
Ooi, 2005 [16]	2003	Singapore	SARS	Community	Quarantine enforcement and surveillance	Cost per case	340.23
					Quarantine command centre	Cost per case	71.63
					Quarantine allowance	Cost per case	322.32
					Emergency call centre and ambulance	Cost per case	71.63
Wang, 2012 [17]	2009	China	H1N1	Community	Isolation of infected	Inspection cost per case	29.48
						Disinfectant cost per case	20.95
						Home medical observation cost per case	90.75
Coleman, 2012 [18]	2010	USA	Measles	Community	Case confirmation	Labour hours (per sample)	0.5
						Labour costs (per sample)	17.86
						Screening kit cost (per sample)	141.9
					Quarantine of infected individuals	Labour hours per case at quarantine stations	4
					Quarantine of infected individuals	Labour costs per case at quarantine stations	330.28
Bownds, 2003 [19]	1998	USA	Hepatitis A	Community	Case quarantine	Cost of laboratory tests and procedures (per sample)	20.05
Bownds, 2003 [19]	1998	USA	Hepatitis A	Community	Case quarantine	Productivity loss due to staying at home when ill (per case)	4038.23
Tracing and quarantine of contacts
Wang, 2012 [17]	2009	China	H1N1	Community	Contact quarantine	Quarantine at home (per person)	40.73
						Quarantine at hospital (per person)	724.94
						Quarantine in hotel (per person)	1062.32
					Contact observation	Isolated observation	4778.33
					Laboratory costs	Network laboratory	140.33
						Specimen collection	26.41
						Virus isolation and identification	237.65
						Nucleic acid detection	528.1
						Serology tests	66.01
Parker, 2006 [23]	2005	USA	Measles	Community	Contact tracing	Investigation hours	11.9
Parker, 2006 [23]	2005	USA	Measles	Community	Contact tracing	Laboratory work hours	9.33
Pike, 2020 [24]	2016–2017	USA	Mumps	Community	Contact tracing for outbreak containment	Overall costs (total)	941104.38
						Labour costs (total)	503687.63
						Travel costs (total)	88927.80
						Personnel hours (total)	12585
					Laboratory costs	Tests (per sample)	18.53
					Laboratory costs	Supplies and equipment (total)	114861.53
Rosen, 2018 [25]	2013	USA	Measles	Community	Contact tracing activities	Community outreach (h per identified contact)	0.29
						Administration (h per identified contact)	0.13
						Advertising (h per identified contact)	8.63
					Laboratory	Laboratory personnel (h per sample)	57.63
					Laboratory	Laboratory supplies and testing ($ per sample)	214.96
Sugerman, 2010 [14]	2008	USA	Measles	Children	Contact tracing	Investigation (h per contact)	0.49
Dayan, 2005 [26]	2004	USA	Measles	Community	Contact tracing	Investigation (h per contact)	0.75
Dayan, 2005 [26]	2004	USA	Measles	Community	Contact tracing	Public information (cost per contact)	1.80
Flego, 2013 [27]	2011	Australia	Measles	Community	Contact tracing	Personnel cost (per contact)	23.96
						Personnel time (mean h per contact)	0.63
						Laboratory (cost per tested contact)	25.88
						Telephone (cost per contact call)	0.51
						Stationery and mail (cost per contacted contact)	2.8
Ma, 2017 [11]	2015	China	Measles		Contact tracing and surveillance	Cost (per contact)	42.99
					Contact tracing and surveillance	Time (h per contact)	2.12
					Field investigation	Cost of contact tracing and sample collection (per contact)	1.01
					Field investigation	Hours taken to contact trace (per contact)	0.07
					Laboratory testing of contacts	Cost of laboratory work (per sample)	11.83
						Hours of laboratory work (per sample)	101.91
						Cost of kit (per sample)	37.76
Gallagher, 2013 [15]	2009	USA	Escherichia coli	Children	Laboratory testing of contacts	Cost (per sample)	183.15
Social distancing
Borse, 2011 [28]	2009	USA	H1N1	Parents of elementary school children	School closure	Households where at least 1 adult took time off work (%)	17
Borse, 2011 [28]	2009	USA	H1N1	Parents of elementary school children	School closure	Households where no adults took time off work (%)	83
Chen, 2011 [29]	2009	Taiwan	H1N1	Parents of elementary school children	School closure	Average income loss (per household)	33.76
Gift, 2010 [30]	2009	USA	H1N1	Parents of elementary school children	1 week school closure	% of households where 0 days of work were lost	78.5
						% of households where 1 days of work were lost	6.1
						% of households where 2 days of work were lost	3.3
						% of households where 3 days of work were lost	1.9
						% of households where 4 days of work were lost	1.9
						% of households where 5 days of work were lost	8.4
Johnson, 2008 [31]	2006	USA	Influenza B	Households with elementary school children	2-week school closure	Households where adults missed at least 1 day of work (%)	3.2
Russell, 2016 [32]	2013	USA	ILI	Households with school children	4 work-day school closure	Cost of childcare for households that required it (median, min-max)	111.95 (34.70–167.92)
Personal protection and hygiene measures
Tracht, 2012 [33]	2009	USA	H1N1	Community	N95 mask	Cost per mask	2.14
Ma, 2017 [11]	2015	China	Measles	Office workers	Disposable mask	Cost per mask	0.32
Ma, 2017 [11]	2015	China	Measles	Office workers	Hand sanitiser	Cost per bottle	5.09
Mukerji, 2017 [34]	2008–2010	China	Influenza	Healthcare workers during community transmission	Medical mask	Cost per mask	0.15
Mukerji, 2017 [34]	2008–2010	China	Influenza	Healthcare workers during community transmission	N95 mask	Cost per mask	0.87
Baracco, 2015 [35]	2013	USA	Influenza	Healthcare workers during community transmission	N95 mask	Min/max cost per mask	0.28–0.73
					Reusable mask	Min/max cost per mask	27.99-55.97
					Set of filters for reusable mask	Cost per set	2.8
					Air-purifying device	Min/max cost per device	559.75–895.60
					Air-purifying device battery	Cost per battery	279.87
					Additional hood for purifier	Cost per hood	33.58
					Additional tubes for purifier	Cost per tube	33.58

All costs converted to 2020 USD unless indicated otherwise, original costs presented in supplementary spreadsheet

AUD Australian Dollars, CAD Canadian Dollars, CGE Computable General Equilibrium, GDP Gross Domestic Product, h hours, ICER incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, R0 basic reproduction number, SEIR susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered, SEIQR susceptible-exposed-infected-quarantined-recovered, SI susceptible-infected, SIR susceptible-infected-recovered