Table 3.
Likelihood ratios for adverse pregnancy outcomes for group 2-4 compared to group 1
| Outcome | n (%) | LR+ | 95%CI | LR- | 95%CI |
| Highest diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg | |||||
| Non-GDM | 273 (13.9) | ||||
| WHO 1999 criteria only | 21 (15.9) | 1.16 | 0.74-1.82 | 0.99 | 0.96-1.02 |
| WHO 2013 criteria only | 98 (18.6) | 1.31 | 1.08-1.58 | 0.92 | 0.86-0.98 |
| Both criteria | 101 (21.0) | 1.47 | 1.22-1.78 | 0.89 | 0.84-0.95 |
| Planned caesarean | |||||
| Non-GDM | 213 (11.1) | ||||
| WHO 1999 criteria only | 17 (12.9) | 1.18 | 0.72-1.92 | 0.99 | 0.95-1.03 |
| WHO 2013 criteria only | 79 (15.5) | 1.35 | 1.10-1.66 | 0.91 | 0.85-0.98 |
| Both criteria | 81 (17.1) | 1.47 | 1.20-1.81 | 0.89 | 0.83-0.96 |
| Assisted vaginal delivery | |||||
| Non-GDM | 124 (6.4) | ||||
| WHO 1999 criteria only | 9 (6.8) | 1.06 | 0.55-2.05 | 1.00 | 0.95-1.04 |
| WHO 2013 criteria only | 29 (5.6) | 0.90 | 0.64-1.26 | 1.03 | 0.95-1.11 |
| Both criteria | 17 (3.6) | 0.59 | 0.38-0.93 | 1.10 | 1.03-1.18 |
| Emergency caesarean | |||||
| Non-GDM | 223 (11.5) | ||||
| WHO 1999 criteria only | 12 (9.1) | 0.78 | 0.44-1.39 | 1.02 | 0.98-1.05 |
| WHO 2013 criteria only | 65 (12.6) | 1.09 | 0.86-1.37 | 0.98 | 0.91-1.04 |
| Both criteria | 65 (13.6) | 1.16 | 0.92-1.46 | 0.96 | 0.90-1.03 |
| Preterm birth | |||||
| Non-GDM | 87 (4.5) | ||||
| WHO 1999 criteria only | 8 (6.1) | 1.35 | 0.68-2.67 | 0.98 | 0.92-1.04 |
| WHO 2013 criteria only | 32 (6.2) | 1.30 | 0.96-1.77 | 0.92 | 0.82-1.03 |
| Both criteria | 41 (8.6) | 1.68 | 1.29-2.19 | 0.84 | 0.74-0.95 |
| SGA | |||||
| Non-GDM | 160 (8.0) | ||||
| WHO 1999 criteria only | 6 (4.3) | 0.54 | 0.24-1.20 | 1.03 | 1.00-1.07 |
| WHO 2013 criteria only | 28 (5.4) | 0.71 | 0.50-1.00 | 1.08 | 1.01-1.15 |
| Both criteria | 34 (6.7) | 0.86 | 0.63-1.18 | 1.04 | 0.97-1.11 |
| Birth weight > 4000 g | |||||
| Non-GDM | 325 (16.2) | ||||
| WHO 1999 criteria only | 21 (15.0) | 0.92 | 0.59-1.44 | 1.01 | 0.98-1.04 |
| WHO 2013 criteria only | 117 (22.3) | 1.36 | 1.14-1.63 | 0.91 | 0.86-0.97 |
| Both criteria | 81 (15.9) | 0.98 | 0.80-1.22 | 1.00 | 0.95-1.06 |
| LGA | |||||
| Non-GDM | 203 (10.2) | ||||
| WHO 1999 criteria only | 17 (12.2) | 1.22 | 0.75-1.98 | 0.99 | 0.95-1.03 |
| WHO 2013 criteria only | 84 (16.2) | 1.50 | 1.23-1.83 | 0.88 | 0.81-0.95 |
| Both criteria | 84 (16.6) | 1.54 | 1.26-1.87 | 0.87 | 0.81-0.94 |
| Admission to NICU | |||||
| Non-GDM | 75 (3.8) | ||||
| WHO 1999 criteria only | 4 (2.9) | 0.76 | 0.29-2.00 | 1.02 | 0.97-1.07 |
| WHO 2013 criteria only | 22 (4.3) | 1.10 | 0.76-1.60 | 0.97 | 0.87-1.09 |
| Both criteria | 28 (5.5) | 1.36 | 0.98-1.88 | 0.91 | 0.81-1.03 |
| Shoulder dystocia | |||||
| Non-GDM | 26 (1.3) | ||||
| WHO 1999 criteria only | 6 (4.3) | 2.95 | 1.41-6.19 | 0.87 | 0.73-1.03 |
| WHO 2013 criteria only | 7 (1.3) | 1.03 | 0.53-1.99 | 0.99 | 0.83-1.19 |
| Both criteria | 18 (3.5) | 2.06 | 1.43-2.96 | 0.74 | 0.58-0.94 |
| 5-min Apgar score < 7 | |||||
| Non-GDM | 39 (2.0) | ||||
| WHO 1999 criteria only | 4 (2.9) | 1.43 | 0.55-3.68 | 0.97 | 0.88-1.07 |
| WHO 2013 criteria only | 20 (3.9) | 1.67 | 1.16-2.41 | 0.83 | 0.69-1.00 |
| Both criteria | 24 (4.7) | 1.92 | 1.39-2.66 | 0.77 | 0.64-0.94 |
LR+: Positive likelihood ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; LR-: Negative likelihood ratio; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; BP: Blood pressure; SGA: Small-for-gestational-age; LGA: Large-for-gestational-age; WHO: World Health Organization; NICU: Neonatal intensive care unit.