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. 2021 Jun 15;12(6):706–729. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.706

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©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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Mechanisms of increased bone fragility in type 1 diabetes mellitus. DKA: Diabetic ketoacidosis; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor; PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell;IL-1: Interleukin 1; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.