Table 1.
Aerobic exercise capacity, strength and power
| iAG BDC |
iAG R + 0 |
cAG BDC |
cAG R + 0 |
CTRL BDC |
CTRL R + 0 |
Group * time Time |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spiroergometry | |||||||
| rel. V̇O2max [mL/(min kg)] | 35 ± 8 | 28 ± 6 | 39 ± 9 | 30 ± 6 | 39 ± 9 | 29 ± 6 | p = 0.31 |
| − 20 ± 5% | − 23 ± 5% | − 24 ± 8% | p < 0.001 | ||||
| abs. V̇O2max (L/min) | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | p = 0.23 |
| − 20 ± 5% | − 23 ± 5% | − 25 ± 7% | p < 0.001 | ||||
| Peak power (W) | 244 ± 65 | 181 ± 53 | 253 ± 80 | 181 ± 51 | 284 ± 48 | 206 ± 46 | p = 0.41 |
| − 26 ± 5% | − 28 ± 6% | − 28 ± 6% | p < 0.001 | ||||
| Peak HR (bpm) | 180 ± 15 | 184 ± 17 | 189 ± 8 | 192 ± 14 | 189 ± 6 | 194 ± 9 | p = 0.77 |
| + 3 ± 3% | + 1 ± 4% | + 3 ± 3% | p = 0.003 | ||||
| Recovery HR (bpm) | 139 ± 18 | 148 ± 17 | 146 ± 11 | 168 ± 17 | 146 ± 15 | 160 ± 12 | p = 0.21 |
| + 9 ± 9% | + 16 ± 4% | + 12 ± 11% | p < 0.001 | ||||
| Isom. strength | |||||||
| MVC KE (N) | 504 ± 107 | 356 ± 106 | 581 ± 190 | 417 ± 154 | 623 ± 146 | 411 ± 139 | p = 0.11 |
| − 30 ± 11% | − 29 ± 10% | − 35 ± 10% | p < 0.001 | ||||
| RFD KE (N/s) | 4031 ± 999 | 3237 ± 1142 | 4128 ± 1555 | 3372 ± 1467 | 4540 ± 1324 | 3345 ± 1085 | p = 0.41 |
| − 21 ± 19% | − 19 ± 16% | − 26 ± 12% | p < 0.001 | ||||
| MVC PF (N) | 767 ± 194 | 504 ± 177 | 808 ± 182 | 571 ± 200 | 820 ± 95 | 428 ± 65 | p = 0.003 |
| − 35 ± 10% | − 31 ± 15% | − 48 ± 6% | p < 0.001 | ||||
| RFD PF (N/s) | 4743 ± 1563 | 3431 ± 1103 | 4506 ± 2083 | 3971 ± 1991 | 4573 ± 1019 | 2670 ± 564 | p = 0.02 |
| − 28 ± 7% | − 12 ± 25% | − 40 ± 13% | p < 0.001 | ||||
| Power CMJ (kW) | 2.96 ± 0.69 | 2.26 ± 0.70 | 3.10 ± 1.05 | 2.39 ± 1.14 | 3.39 ± 0.69 | 2.34 ± 0.7 | p < 0.001 |
| − 25 ± 9% | − 26 ± 11% | − 33 ± 12% | p < 0.001 | ||||
| iAG BDC |
iAG R + 2 |
cAG BDC |
cAG R + 2 |
CTRL BDC |
CTRL R + 2 |
Group * time Time |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isokin. strength | |||||||
| Knee extension (Nm) | 162 ± 45 | 123 ± 53 | 182 ± 70 | 144 ± 60 | 214 ± 36 | 141 ± 38 | p = 0.03 |
| − 25 ± 22% | − 22 ± 19% | − 35 ± 10% | p < 0.001 | ||||
| Knee flexion (Nm) | 99 ± 39 | 84 ± 35 | 100 ± 31 | 93 ± 37 | 107 ± 28 | 84 ± 22 | p = 0.14 |
| − 15 ± 20% | − 10 ± 16% | − 21 ± 12% | p < 0.001 | ||||
| Plantar flexion (Nm) | 117 ± 32 | 95 ± 31 | 119 ± 43 | 95 ± 33 | 126 ± 37 | 79 ± 21 | p = 0.04 |
| − 19 ± 16% | − 18 ± 15% | − 36 ± 6% | p < 0.001 | ||||
| Dorsiflexion (Nm) | 31 ± 5 | 31 ± 7 | 35 ± 9 | 35 ± 10 | 37 ± 9 | 36 ± 9 | p = 0.51 |
| − 2 ± 7% | − 2 ± 3% | − 3 ± 4% | p = 0.04 | ||||
| Trunk extension (Nm) | 180 ± 60 | 145 ± 66 | 171 ± 88 | 134 ± 67 | 169 ± 63 | 123 ± 54 | p = 0.95 |
| − 22 ± 15% | − 20 ± 11% | − 26 ± 18% | p < 0.001 | ||||
| Trunk flexion (Nm) | 104 ± 36 | 108 ± 43 | 119 ± 43 | 111 ± 45 | 121 ± 26 | 110 ± 20 | p = 0.36 |
| + 2 ± 12 | − 7 ± 13% | − 7 ± 14 | p = 0.29 | ||||
Results of the cycling spiroergometry test, the isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and rate of force development (RFD) tests, the countermovement jump (CMJ) test and the isokinetic strength tests, separately for the intervention groups (iAG and cAG) and the control group (CTRL), once during baseline (BDC: BDC-3 for the spiroergometry, average of BDC-10 and BDC-3 for the isometric strength tests and BDC-5 for the isokinetic strength tests) and once directly after bed rest (R + 0 and R + 2, respectively). The percent values reflect the averaged individual changes observed after bed rest compared to baseline. The last column contains the results of the rmANOVA (group * time interaction effect and main effect of time)
Significant p-values (i.e., all p-values smaller than 0.05) are set in italics