Table 2.
Participant characteristics at each time-point according to exercise group
| Baseline | Mid-intervention | Post-intervention | Follow-Up | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Control | Intervention | Control | Intervention | Control | Intervention | Control | |
| Height (cm) | 159.4 ± 9.8 | 159.5 ± 8.8 | 161.3 ± 10.1 | 161.7 ± 9.0 | 163.2 ± 10.1 | 163.0 ± 8.9 | 165.0 ± 9.8 | 163.3 ± 9.2 |
| Weight (kg) | 54.5 ± 14.4 | 53.7 ± 12.8 | 55.3 ± 14.2 | 54.8 ± 14.9 | 57.4 ± 15.8 | 57.0 ± 14.9 | 59.5 ± 15.6 | 56.6 ± 15.0 |
| WC (cm) | 69.4 ± 9.9 | 69.7 ± 10.2 | 69.6 ± 8.8 | 69.0 ± 10.7 | 70.2 ± 9.4 | 69.9 ± 9.4 | 71.1 ± 9.9 | 68.7 ± 9.3 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 120 ± 8 | 126 ± 13 | 123 ± 10 | 126 ± 13 | 120 ± 10 | 121 ± 10 | 119 ± 10 | 120 ± 12 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 71 ± 5 | 74 ± 11 | 72 ± 12 | 74 ± 11* | 70 ± 7 | 68 ± 10 | 69 ± 8.1 | 66 ± 8 |
| ABP (mmHg) | 111 ± 7 | 111 ± 8.5 | 112 ± 7 | 112 ± 7 | 110 ± 7 | 111 ± 9 | 111 ± 8 | 111 ± 10 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 84 ± 6 | 82 ± 6 | 85 ± 5 | 85 ± 5 | 82 ± 6 | 82 ± 6 | 83 ± 6 | 83 ± 8 |
| SV (ml) | 90.7 ± 12.6 | 94.4 ± 19.5 | 91.0 ± 17.3 | 92.3 ± 15.7 | 92.1 ± 18.6 | 95.8 ± 20.2 | 93.4 ± 16.7 | 95.2 ± 15.6 |
| HR (bpm) | 73 ± 13 | 70 ± 10 | 75 ± 15 | 74 ± 12 | 68 ± 12 | 68 ± 11 | 72 ± 12 | 69 ± 11 |
| Q (l·min−1) | 6.8 ± 1.4 | 6.8 ± 1.8 | 6.8 ± 2.0 | 6.8 ± 1.7 | 6.3 ± 1.7 | 6.9 ± 1.7 | 6.9 ± 1.6 | 6.8 ± 1.5 |
| TPR (PRU) | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 |
| ESP (mmHg) | 95.3 ± 9.7 | 96.8 ± 10.0 | 97.7 ± 10.3 | 98.0 ± 10.5 | 96.9 ± 10.2 | 94.2 ± 11.5 | 93.3 ± 13.8 | 93.9 ± 11.2 |
| SEVR (%) | 152.2 ± 51.1 | 170.3 ± 68.3 | 168.3 ± 71.8 | 163.6 ± 58.8 | 188.5 ± 80.1 | 161.6 ± 65.9* | 148.6 ± 65.8 | 152.9 ± 52.8 |
| PWV (m s−1) | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 5.7 ± 0.4 | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 5.7 ± 0.6 | 5.6 ± 0.6 |
| Aug (mmHg) | 5.3 ± 3.0 | 5.4 ± 3.6 | 4.4 ± 3.0 | 3.9 ± 3.0 | 4.3 ± 2.3 | 5.5 ± 3.5 | 6.5 ± 3.4 | 5.3 + 3.6 |
| AIx (%) | 9.3 ± 5.9 | 9.7 ± 7.2 | 8.6 ± 5.4 | 7.6 ± 5.6 | 7.9 ± 4.3 | 10.4 ± 6.2 | 12.4 ± 5.7 | 10.0 ± 6.3 |
| HDL (mmol·l−1) | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 |
| ΤC:HDL | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 2.6 ± 0.7 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 2.6 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 2.6 ± 0.8 |
| CHO (mmol·l−1) | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 3.7 ± 0.5 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ± 0.4 |
| LDL (mmol·l−1) | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.7 ± 0.4* | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.6 |
| TG (mmol·l−1) | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.8 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.9 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.6 |
Mean ± SD. ABP aortic blood pressure, AIx, augmentation index, Aug augmentation, CHO cholesterol, DBP diastolic blood pressure, ESP end systolic pressure, HDL high density lipoprotein, HR heart rate, LDL low-density lipoprotein, MAP mean arterial pressure, PWV pulse wave velocity, Q cardiac output, SBP systolic blood pressure, SEVR subendocardial viability ratio, SV stroke volume, ΤC Total cholesterol, TG triglycerides, TPR total peripheral resistance, WC waist circumference
*Significant difference between intervention and control within time-point, P < 0.05