Table 2.
Summary of germ cell transplantation in fish with different life stages of recipient, type of donor germ cells and sterilisation methods.
| Recipient stage | Donor cell type | Isolation method | Donor-derived sperm (timea) | Donor-derived eggs (timea) | Sterilisation method of recipient | Transplantation method | Frequency of germline chimera formation (%)b | Germline transmission rate (%)c | Allogenic/ xenogenic (donor, D; recipient, R) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blastula | PGC | Lower part of donor blastoderm was dissected | Yes | No | Hybrid | Lower part of donor blastoderm was transplanted to the central part of the host blastoderm | Male, 100 (15/15) | All sperm were exclusively derived from donor but no progeny test was done | Xenogenic (D, goldfish; R, goldfish x common carp hybrid) | Yamaha et al. (2003) |
| Blastula | PGC | Microinjection of GFP-nanos3 3’UTR mRNA and manually collection of GFP positive PGCs | Yes | Yes for intra-genus (pearl danio and zebrafish) | dnd1 KD | Microinjection into marginal region of blastodisc | Male, 94 (15/16); female, 66 (2/3) | Sperm, 100; eggs, 100 | Xenogenic (D, pearl danio, goldfish or loach; R, zebrafish) | Saito et al. (2008) |
| Hatchling | PGC | GFP positive PGCs from tg(pvasa-GFP) | Yes (1 yr) | Oogenesis (ovulation not reported) | No | Microinjection into peritoneal cavity of hatchling | Male, 13.5 (5/37) | Sperm, 0.4 | Xenogenic (D,rainbow trout; R, masu salmon) | Takeuchi et al. (2004) |
| Hatchling | PGC | PGCs from cryopreserved genital ridge of tg(pvasa-GFP) | Yes (2–3 yr) | Yes (2–3 yr) | No | Microinjection into peritoneal cavity of hatchling | Male, 7.8 (5/64); female, 9.1 (4/44) (cryopreserved PGCs for 1 day) | Sperm, 2–13.5; eggs, 0.1–3.3 | Allogenic (rainbow trout) | Kobayashi et al. (2007) |
| Hatchling | Spermatogonia | Dissociation and filtration of testicular cell (PKH26 labelling) | Yes (1.5 yr) | Yes (2.5 yr) | No | Microinjection into peritoneal cavity of hatchling | Male, 100 (20/20); female, 33.3 (4/12) | Sperm, 66.6 ± 7.6; eggs, 63.2 ± 16.8 | Allogenic (yellowtail) | Morita et al. (2012) |
| Hatchling | Spermatogonia | Dissociation and filtration of testicular cell (PKH26 labelling) | Yes (1 yr) | No | No | Microinjection into peritoneal cavity of hatchling | Male, 2.1 (2/96) | Sperm, 33.3–50 | Xenogenic (D, yellowtail; R, jack mackerel) | Morita et al. (2015) |
| Hatchling | Spermatogonia | GFP positive SG from tg(pvasa-GFP) | Yes (2 yr) | Yes (2–3 yr) | Triploid | Microinjection into peritoneal cavity of hatchling | Male, 34.5 (10/29); female, 10 (5/50) | Sperm, 100; eggs, 100 | Xenogenic (D,rainbow trout; R, masu salmon) | Okutsu et al. (2007) |
| Hatchling | Spermatogonia | Dissociation and filtration of testicular germ cells from cryopreserved whole testes | Yes (2–4 yr) | Yes (3–4 yr) | Triploid | Microinjection into peritoneal cavity of hatchling | Male, 100 (7/7) | Sperm, 100; eggs, 100 | Allogenic (rainbow trout) | Lee et al. (2013) |
| Hatchling | Spermatogonia | Dissociation and filtration of testicular cell (PKH26 labelling) | Yes (1–2 yr) | Yes (2 yr) | Triploid | Microinjection into peritoneal cavity of hatchling | Male, 10 (4/40); female, 12.1 (4/33) | Sperm, 100; eggs, 100 | Xenogenic (D, Atlantic salmon; R, rainbow trout) | Hattori et al. (2019) |
| Hatchling | Spermatogonia | Dissociation and filtration of testicular cell (PKH26 labelling) | Yes | Yes | Triploid | Microinjection into peritoneal cavity of hatchling | Male, 36.8 (14/38); female, 28.9 (24/83) | Sperm, 100; eggs, 100 | Allogenic (Nibe croaker) | Yoshikawa et al. (2017) |
| Hatchling | Spermatogonia | Dissociation and filtration of testicular cell (PKH26 labelling) | Yes (11 mo) | Yes (2 yr) | Triploid | Microinjection into peritoneal cavity of hatchling | Male, 38.3 (18/47); female, 31.3 (5/16) | Sperm, 100; eggs, 100 | Xenogenic (D, tiger puffer; R, grass puffer) | Hamasaki et al. (2017) |
| Hatchling | Spermatogonia | Dissociation and filtration of testicular cell from cryopreserved whole testes (PKH26 labelling) | Yes (10 mo) | Yes (2 yr) | Triploid | Microinjection into peritoneal cavity of hatchling | Male, 64.2 (34/53); female, 56.4 (22/39) | Sperm, 100; eggs, 0–100 | Xenogenic (D, tiger puffer; R, grass puffer) | Yoshikawa et al. (2018a) |
| Hatchling | Oogonia | Dissociation and filtration of ovarian germ cells from cryopreserved whole ovaries | Yes (2.5 yr) | Yes (2.5 yr) | Triploid | Microinjection into peritoneal cavity of hatchling | Male, 28 (7/25); female, 20 (5/25) | Sperm, 100; eggs, 100 | Allogenic (rainbow trout) | Lee et al. (2016) |
| Hatchling | Spermatogonia | Dissociation and filtration of testicular cell (PKH26 labelling) | Yes (10 mo) | Yes (2 yr) | dnd1 KD | Microinjection into peritoneal cavity of hatchling | Male, 91.7 (11/12); female, 26.7 (4/15) | Sperm, 100; eggs, 100 | Xenogenic (D, tiger puffer; R, grass puffer) | Yoshikawa et al. (2020) |
| Hatchling | Spermatogonia | Dissociation and filtration of testicular cell from cryopreserved whole testes (PKH26 labelling) | Yes | Yes | dnd1 KD | Microinjection into peritoneal cavity of hatchling | Male, 77.8 (14/18); female, 81 (17/21) | Sperm, 66.7–100; eggs, 70.6–100 | Allogenic (Chinese rosy bitterling) | Octavera and Yoshizaki (2020) |
| Hatchling | Spermatogonia | Percoll gradient centrifugation | Yes | Yes | dnd1 KD | Microinjection into peritoneal cavity of hatchling | Mixed, 43.7 (31/71) | Sperm, 100; eggs, 100 | Xenogenic (D, mirror carp; R, goldfish) | Franěk et al. (2021) |
| Hatchling | Oogonia | in vitro cultured OG for 3 wk. or 6 wk | Yes | No | dnd1 KD | Microinjection into peritoneal cavity of hatchling | Male, 20 (10/68) for 3 wk. cultured OG; 16 (7/60) for 6 wk. | Sperm, 100 | Allogenic (zebrafish) | Wong et al. (2013) |
| Hatchling | Oogonia | Percoll gradient centrifugation using tg(vasa:DsRed2-vasa);tg(bactin:EGFP) double transgenic | Yes (6 mo) | No | Hybrid | Injection into abdominal cavity under the swim bladder | Male, 18 (12/67) | Sperm, 100 | Xenogenic (D, zebrafish; R, male pearl danio x female zebrafish hybrid) | Wong et al. (2011) |
| Hatchling | Spermatogonia | Dissociation and filtration of testicular cell (PKH26 labelling) | Yes (6 mo) | No | Hybrid | Microinjection into peritoneal cavity of hatchling | Male, 100 (43/43) | Sperm, 100 | Xenogenic (D, blue drum; R, male white croaker x female blue drum hybrid) | Yoshikawa et al. (2018b) |
| Adult | Spermatogonia | Percoll gradient centrifugation, differential plating (PKH26 labelling) | Yes (9 wk) | No | Busulfan and heat | Injection through urogenital papilla | Male, 89 (34/38) | Sperm, 6.3 (2/32) | Allogenic Nile tilapia (two strains) | Lacerda et al. (2010) |
| Adult | Spermatogonia, oogonia | Percoll gradient centrifugation (PKH26 labelling) | Yes (7 mo) | Yes (7 mo) | Busulfan and heat | Injection through genital papilla | Male, 17 (3/17); female 5 (1/20) | Sperm, 12.6–39.7; eggs, 52.2 | Xenogenic (D, pejerry; R, Patagonian pejerrey) | Majhi et al. (2014) |
| Adult | Spermatogonia | Dissociation and filtration of testicular cell (PKH26 labelling) | Yes (7–9 wk) | No | Hybrid | Injection through genital papilla | Male, 10 (4/39) | Sperm, 100 | Xenogenic (D, blue drum; R, male white croaker x female blue drum hybrid) | Xu et al. (2019) |
a
Time: production time for donor derived gametes.
b
Frequency of germline chimera formation = number of germline chimera/number of survived adult recipients X 100.
c
Germline transmission rate (%) = number of donor-derived hatchlings/number of hatchlings X 100.