TABLE 2.
Characteristics of individuals by homebound status 1 year after first report of incident homebound status (N = 230)
| Homebound, community-dwelling (reference) (N = 74) | Independent or Semi-homebound, community-dwelling (N = 98) | Nursing home resident or dead (N = 58) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean) | 82.4 | 77.7** | 85.9* |
| Female | 73.9 | 70.3 | 74.0 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White, Non-Hispanic | 76.2 | 66.3 | 77.8 |
| Black, Non-Hispanic | 9.1 | 13.5 | 11.0 |
| Hispanic | 9.0 | 17.8 | 8.8 |
| Other race/ethnicity | 2.4 | 2.4 | 1.5 |
| Married | 29.1 | 42.2 | 31.7 |
| Number of helpers (mean)a | 2.7 | 2.4 | 2.5 |
| Income below 100% FPLb | 36.2 | 35.7 | 39.3 |
| Proxy respondent | 23.7 | 16.8 | 47.5* |
| Enrolled in Medicaid | 25.8 | 31.5 | 17.4 |
| Residing in a metropolitan area | 85.2 | 88.7 | 93.0 |
| Geographic region | |||
| Northeast | 17.4 | 25.9 | 23.8 |
| Midwest | 22.5 | 20.4 | 12.8 |
| South | 43.6 | 33.2 | 33.3 |
| West | 16.6 | 20.5 | 30.1 |
| Health and function | |||
| Fair or poor self-reported health | 63.3 | 51.3 | 62.1 |
| Receives help with the below ADLs | |||
| Eating | 23.0 | 21.1 | 32.5 |
| Bathing | 46.6 | 28.0* | 68.1* |
| Toileting | 21.6 | 12.1 | 36.4 |
| Dressing | 45.4 | 34.2 | 59.0 |
| Walking inside | 43.6 | 31.7 | 60.2 |
| Transferring in/out of bed | 27.1 | 22.2 | 36.3 |
| Receives help with 1 ADLc | 65.0 | 50.7 | 86.1** |
| Receives help with 1 IADLd | 90.0 | 75.2* | 88.8 |
| Self-reported conditions (current or prior) | |||
| Heart attack | 24.9 | 27.9 | 20.0 |
| Stroke | 38.5 | 22.3 | 29.3 |
| Cancer | 19.2 | 24.2 | 36.4 |
| Heart disease | 28.6 | 23.7 | 37.3 |
| Hypertension | 78.2 | 73.7 | 80.7 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 29.3 | 32.7 | 27.9 |
| Lung disease | 20.4 | 26.6 | 24.0 |
| Depressione | 28.7 | 28.5 | 51.7* |
| Anxietyf | 26.5 | 27.4 | 38.4 |
| Probable dementiag | 52.6 | 35.8 | 63.5 |
Source: National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) 2012–2013. Homebound is identified at survey wave 2 (2012).
For those receiving help for at least 1 ADL or IADL.
FPL: federal poverty limit.
ADL: activities of daily living (eating, bathing, toileting, dressing, walking inside, transferring in/out of bed).
IADL: instrumental activities of daily living (laundry, shopping, banking, meal preparation, taking medication).
Depression determined by a score of 3 or greater on the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) screen.
Anxiety determined by a score of 3 or higher on the General Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2) screen.
Dementia determined through both self-report and direct cognitive testing conducted by NHATS.
p < 0.05.
p < 0.01, in comparison to the reference group (homebound) via t-test.