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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Healthc Mater. 2021 Apr 19;10(11):e2001986. doi: 10.1002/adhm.202001986

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Schematic illustration of multi-dimensional printed scaffolds and DDS for bone tissue engineering. 3D printing techniques enable control of scaffold microstructures as well as composition. With 3D printing, it is possible to fabricate personalized DDS with multiple components and achieve personalized and programed drug delivery. In addition to customized structures and compositions, 4D printed scaffolds and DDS are expected to sense signals within the physiological environment and change functionalities correspondingly, resulting in auto-adjusted structures or drug release profiles.