Table 2.
Cox regression results of neuroticism predicting risk of incident of all-cause dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementia.
| All-cause dementia | Alzheimer’s disease | Vascular dementia | Frontotemporal dementia | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1, # cases | 1,798/401,416 | 675/401,341 | 376/401,235 | 81/400,734 |
| Model 1, HR (95% CI) | 1.22 (1.17–1.28) | 1.15 (1.06–1.24) | 1.24 (1.13–1.38) | 0.97 (0.77–1.22) |
| Model 1, categories HR (95% CI) | 1.70 (1.49–1.93) | 1.42 (1.15–1.75) | 1.73 (1.30–2.29) | 0.89 (0.49–1.63) |
| Sensitivity analyses / Robustness check | ||||
| Model 1.1, # cases | - | 596/401,338 | 304/401,228 | 69/400,705 |
| Model 1.1, HR (95% CI) | - | 1.17 (1.08–1.27) | 1.28 (1.15–1.43) | 1.10 (0.87–1.40) |
| Model 1.2, # cases | 1,262/394,319 | 475/394,319 | 250/394,272 | 53/394,042 |
| Model 1.2, HR (95% CI) | 1.23 (1.16–1.30) | 1.20 (1.10–1.32) | 1.22 (1.08–1.38) | 0.99 (0.75–1.32) |
| Model 1.3, # cases | 1,680/401,298 | 649/401,220 | 357/401,110 | 74/400,588 |
| Model 1.3, HR (95% CI) | 1.23 (1.17–1.29) | 1.13 (1.05–1.23) | 1.25 (1.13–1.38) | 0.95 (0.74–1.21) |
| Model 1.4, # cases | 1,757/306,170 | 669/305,995 | 371/305,995 | 78/305,534 |
| Model 1.4, HR (95% CI) | 1.22 (1.17–1.28) | 1.15 (1.06–1.24) | 1.25 (1.13–1.38) | 0.98 (0.77–1.24) |
| Socioeconomic covariates | ||||
| Model 2, # cases | 1,796/400,925 | 674/400,850 | 376/400,744 | 80/400,245 |
| Model 2, HR (95% CI) | 1.19 (1.14–1.25) | 1.12 (1.04–1.22) | 1.19 (1.08–1.32) | 0.99 (0.79–1.25) |
| Model 2.1, # cases | 1,347/348,067 | 495/348,011 | 285/347,925 | 58/347,202 |
| Model 2.1, HR (95% CI) | 1.17 (1.11–1.24) | 1.12 (1.02–1.23) | 1.21 (1.08–1.36) | 0.96 (0.73–1.27) |
| Vascular and behavioral covariates | ||||
| Model 3, # cases | 1,796/400,925 | 674/400,847 | 376/400,737 | 80/400,216 |
| Model 3, HR (95% CI) | 1.18 (1.13–1.24) | 1.13 (1.04–1.22) | 1.16 (1.05–1.28) | 0.97 (0.77–1.22) |
| Model 3.1, # cases | 1,242/298,447 | 464/298,321 | 268/298,328 | 53/297,952 |
| Model 3.1, HR (95% CI) | 1.18 (1.12–1.25) | 1.11 (1.01–1.22) | 1.18 (1.05–1.33) | 1.01 (0.76–1.34) |
Notes. Model 1 to Model 1.4 include the covariates age and sex; Model 1.1 excludes cases with more than one type of dementia code (e.g., AD and VD); Model 1.2 excludes incident cases of dementia within 5 years of baseline assessment; Model 1.3 excludes dementia ascertained from death records; Model 1.4 excludes participants younger than age 50 at baseline; Model 2 includes the covariates of Model 1 plus education and Townsend deprivation index; Model 2.1 further adds household income; Model 3 includes the covariates of Model 2 plus vascular risk factors (self-reported diabetes, hypertension, stroke, heart attack, ever smoker, BMI > 30); Model 3.1 further add HbA1c, CRP, LDL, and the sum of minutes performing walking, moderate and vigorous activity. HR = Hazard Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval.