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. 2021 Jun 10;4:711. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02259-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — a, b Representative images of DAB-stained microglia, showing marked process retraction (a; scale bar = 100 μm; magnified image, 50 μm) and a preponderance of amoeboid microglia (b; scale bar = 200 μm; magnified image, 50 μm) in sections of parietal cortex from male AD patients compared with females, in which many rod-shaped microglia were identified. c Representative masks and 3D representations were used to analyse morphological features. d Significant disease × sex interactions in circularity, perimeter, Feret’s diameter and cell density were observed (p < 0.05). Post hoc analysis revealed significant increases in circularity and cell density and significant decreases in cell perimeter and Feret’s diameter in microglia from male AD patients compared with controls (**p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001) and also in male, compared with female, AD patients (^§p < 0.05). Data, expressed as means ± SEM (n = 4 for controls or 5 for AD), were analysed by 2-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparison test.