Table 1.

The definition of registered landmarks for conformation and/or measurement.

Types			Landmarks	Abbreviation	Type	Definition
15 for conformation	24 for conformation	28 for measurement	Exocanthion	Ex	Bilateral	Most lateral point of the palpebral fissure, at the outer commissure of the eye
			Endocanthion	En	Bilateral	Most medial point of the palpebral fissure, at the inner commissure of the eye
			Nasion	N	Medial	Point directly anterior to the nasofrontal suture, in the midline, overlying n
			Alare	Al	Bilateral	The most lateral point on the nasal alare
			Pronasale	Prn	Medial	The most protruded point of the apex nasi
			Cheilion	Ch	Bilateral	Outer corners of the mouth where the outer edges of the upper and lower vermilions meet
			Labrale Superius	Ls	Medial	The midpoint of the upper vermillion line
			Labrale Inferius	Li	Medial	The midpoint of the lower vermillion line
			Gnathion	Gn	Medial	Median point halfway between pog and Me
			Tragus	Tr	Bilateral	The prominence on the inner side of the external ear, in front of and partly closing the passage to the organs of hearing
			Gonion	Go	Bilateral	Most lateral point on the mandibular angle
			Zygion	Zy	Bilateral	Most lateral point overlying each zygomatic arch, identified as the point of maximum bizygomatic breadth of the face
			Subnasale	Sn	Medial	Median point at the junction between the lower border of the nasal septum and the philtrum area
			Subalare	Sbal	Bilateral	The point on the lower margin of the base of the nasal ala where the ala disappears into the upper lip skin
			Cheek	Ck	Bilateral	The intersection point of the lines connecting al-tr and ex-ch
			Christa Philtri	Cph	Bilateral	Point on each elevated margin of upper lip at the junction of vermillion line of upper lip and white roll line
			Supermentale	Sm	Medial	Deepest midline point of the mentolabial sulcus
			Pogonion	Pog	Medial	The most prominent point of the chin