Table 4.

Overview of input variables and models used to simulate the efficiency and performance of NBS against landslides.

Purpose/summary	Type of NBS (place)	Models to simulate NBS efficiency	Input parameters	References
Modelling the spatial pattern of root reinforcement	Re-introduction of vegetation (New Zealand)	Root Bundle Model	Root distribution data, tree stem diameter at breast height	Schwarz et al. (2010) Schwarz et al. (2016) Vergani et al. (2014)
Modelling landslide susceptibility for predicting sustainable forest management in an altered climate	Forest management (Queets watershed within the Olympic Experimental State Forest (OESF)) in western Washington State (U.S.)	Process-based hydrology model (Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM))	Historic Meteorological Inputs, DEM (150 m), soil and land cover distribution, projected meteorological inputs from climate change scenarios, Soil and vegetation information (cohesion, unit weight), High resolution DEM (10 m)	Barik et al. (2017)
Modelling the effects of sand-filled ditches on the hydrological conditions in a fruit farm on a slope (amount of infiltrating water)	Sand-filled drainage ditch (Olszanka, Poland)	FEFLOW	Slope geometry, ditch dimensions, soil parameters, vegetation cover data	Widomski et al. (2010)
Assessing of the impacts of European forest types on hill slope stabilisation (mountainous area of Lombardy, Italy)	Forest Management	Limit equilibrium model, probabilistic framework (Monte Carlo techniques)	Root density and root mechanical properties	Chiaradia et al. (2016)
To estimate the function of vineyards on slope stabilisation by modelling the additional strengthening to the soil supported by grapevine roots and their spatial distribution.	Plant roots and vegetations (northeastern part of Oltrepo Pavese, Northern Italy)	Root Bundle Model, Slope stability model	Root distribution and characteristics (diameter, length etc.), soil strength parameters	Cislaghi et al. (2017)
Evaluate the impact of underlying foundations of birch trees on soil fortification and slant adjustment.	Birch trees	PLAXIS	The rainfall, slope gradient, geotechnical and hydrological parameters and soil thickness	Lotfalian et al. (2019)
To investigate the capacity of vegetational NBS to reduce the onset and propagation probabilities of tsunamis generated landslides at Stromboli Island, Italy	Trees, forests, and grasslands	FUNWAVE-TVD	Bathymetric, topography	Fornaciai et al. (2019)
To investigate the different aspects of hydrological and greenery effects on the stabilisation of hillslopes	Hydrological and greenery	SSHV-2D	Bathymetric, topography	Emadi-Tafti and Ataie-Ashtiani (2019)
To simulate the efficiency of species and assessing its mechanical resistance against shallow landslides.	Vegetation	tRIBS-VEGGIE	Bathymetric, topography	Arnone et al. (2016a)
To simulate the effectiveness of NBS against shallow landslides.	Forest canopies, leaf area index and plant height, and optimised forest management	BROOK90	Forest structure, meteorological variables, root density, hydrological parameters and soil permeability	Federer et al. (2003)