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. 2021 Jun 10;11:12247. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89996-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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ADL induces phosphorylation of Smad3 and Smad2/3 signaling in primary gingival fibroblasts. Incubation of gingival fibroblasts with ADL caused (A) an increased phosphorylation of smad3 in Western blot. Representative immunofluorescence confirmed (B) the translocation of Smad2/3 into the nucleus upon stimulation with ADL. “WO” represents unstimulated control. Treatment with 10 ng/mL of TGF-β was used as a positive control. Scale bars indicate 50 µm.