Fig. 3. DIC and NMR visualization of ATP in modulating LLPS of C1- and C2-PLD.

a Turbidity curves of TDP-43 C1- and C2-PLD at 15 μM in the presence of ATP at different molar ratios in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 5.5. b DIC images of TDP-43 C1- and C2-PLD at 15 μM in the presence of ATP at different molar ratios in the same buffer at pH 5.5. c HSQC spectra of the ¹⁵N-labeled TDP-43 C1- and C2-PLD at 15 μM in the same buffer at pH 5.5 in the absence (blue) and in the presence of ATP (red) at a molar ratio of 1:100. d Chemical shift difference (CSD) of TDP-43 C2-PLD between in the absence and in the presence ATP at 1:50 (blue) and 1:100 (red). The green line is used to indicate the value: average + SD at 1:100.