Fig. 4. DIC and NMR visualization of ATP in modulating LLPS of C4- and C6-PLD.

a Turbidity curves of TDP-43 C4- and C6-PLD at 15 μM in the presence of ATP at different molar ratios in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 5.5. b DIC images of TDP-43 C4-PLD at 15 μM in the presence of ATP at different molar ratios in the same buffer. c HSQC spectra of the ¹⁵N-labeled TDP-43 C4- and C6-PLD at 15 μM, as well as C5-PLD at 10 μM in the absence (blue) and in the presence of ATP at a molar ratio of 1:1000 (red). d Chemical shift difference (CSD) of TDP-43 C4- (I) and C6-PLD (II) between the free state and in the presence ATP at 1:100 (blue) and 1:1000 (red). The green line is used to indicate the value: average + SD at 1:1000.