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. 2021 May 28;14:634631. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.634631

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Copyright © 2021 Hou, Xu, Song, Fan, Wu, Tong and Yan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic representation of the mechanism involved in BP combined with probiotics inducing immune tolerance through the tryptophan pathway. Left part: the SBI model of rats showing dysbiosis, destruction of the intestinal barrier and tryptophan metabolism alterations. Right part: the interventions, the oral administration of BP combined with probiotics, triggered two different pathways in tryptophan metabolism. (1) The results of the BP intervention (red arrow) showed enrichment of Lactobacillus, which improved intestinal tight junctions and strengthened the IDO-AhR pathway. The pathway produced more Kyn, which was transported into the CNS to exert a protective influence on the brain. (2) The results of probiotic intervention (green arrow) demonstrated increased Allobaculum, which strengthened the TpH1–5-HT pathway. The neurotransmitter 5-HT alleviates depression after TBI and mitigates neurological impairment.