Table 2.
Common regulatory signaling cascades in PSCs and CSCs
| Signaling pathway | Targets | Role in cancer development | Cancer type | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Notch | AKT, NF-kB, p21, p27 and CyclinD1 | Pluripotency maintenance, cell fate determination and proliferation and apoptosis regulation | Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) | [117, 181, 182] |
| Melanomas | [107] | |||
| Medulloblastoma | [183] | |||
| Ovarian cancer | [109] | |||
| Breast cancer | [110] | |||
| Prostate cancer | [184] | |||
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma | [185] | |||
| Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) | [186] | |||
| Cyclin A, Cyclin D1, Cyclin E, CDK2, Retinoblastoma protein, HES-1, P21, P63 and P53 | Tumor suppressor | Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (CSCC) | [187–189] | |
| head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) | [190] | |||
| Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) | [191, 192] | |||
| WNT | β-catenin and STAT3 | Pluripotency maintenance,Stem cell self-renewal and differentiation and EMT | Colorectal Carcinoma | [118] |
| Leukemia | [114] | |||
| Melanoma | [119] | |||
| Liver cancer | [120] | |||
| Prostate cancer | [121] | |||
| Breast cancer | [122] | |||
| Hedgehog (HH) | GLI families | Pluripotency maintenance and Stem cell self-renewal | Basal Cell Carcinoma | [193, 194] |
| Medulloblastoma | [123, 125, 193, 195] | |||
| Colon cancer | [196] | |||
| Breast cancer | [197] | |||
| Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) | [198] | |||
| T- cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL) | [199] | |||
| pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDA) | [200] |