Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and neuropsychological test results.
| HC (n = 31) | DMCN (n = 34) | DMCI (n = 31) | F/χ2 value | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male/female | 18/13 | 22/12 | 17/14 | 0.69 | 0.71# |
| Age (years) | 53.42 ± 4.97 | 53.97 ± 7.60 | 56.10 ± 6.12 | 1.54 | 0.22 |
| Educational level (years) | 14.90 ± 2.57 | 14.00 ± 2.54 | 13.90 ± 2.24 | 1.58 | 0.21 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | - | 9.44 ± 5.35 | 9.26 ± 5.40 | - | 0.89 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.92 ± 3.24 | 25.10 ± 2.75 | 24.74 ± 2.90 | 1.17 | 0.32 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 122.90 ± 9.01 | 126.91 ± 22.97 | 127.97 ± 16.99 | 0.73 | 0.49 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 81.87 ± 5.89 | 80.74 ± 11.21 | 82.16 ± 15.85 | 0.14 | 0.87 |
| FBG (mmol/l) | 5.38 ± 0.78 | 9.16 ± 3.04a | 9.12 ± 3.67a | 13.96 | <0.001* |
| PBG (mmol/l) | - | 14.59 ± 6.46 | 14.03 ± 5.10 | - | 0.71 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.53 ± 0.60 | 8.43 ± 1.75a | 8.00 ± 2.75a | 21.36 | <0.001* |
| TG (mmol/l) | 1.58 ± 0.92 | 1.80 ± 1.53 | 1.84 ± 0.95 | 0.38 | 0.68 |
| TC (mmol/l) | 4.85 ± 1.01 | 4.60 ± 0.88 | 4.74 ± 1.21 | 0.42 | 0.66 |
| LDL-C (mmol/l) | 2.90 ± 0.95 | 2.60 ± 0.57 | 2.67 ± 0.85 | 1.10 | 0.34 |
| MMSE | 28.84 ± 1.16 | 29.03 ± 1.06 | 26.45 ± 0.72ab | 65.31 | <0.001* |
| MOCA | 27.24 ± 1.61 | 27.25 ± 1.08 | 22.95 ± 2.03ab | 89.23 | <0.001* |
| CDT | 20.97 ± 6.76 | 19.50 ± 9.46 | 22.47 ± 7.30 | 1.11 | 0.33 |
| TMT-A | 68.33 ± 26.83 | 72.74 ± 29.72 | 92.68 ± 29.51ab | 6.30 | 0.003* |
| DR (n) | - | 3 | 4 | 0.28 | 0.596# |
| DPN (n) | - | 8 | 10 | 0.62 | 0.432# |
| DN (n) | - | 6 | 8 | 0.64 | 0.424# |
Note. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%) unless otherwise indicated. BMI, body mass index; FBG, fasting blood glucose; PBG, postprandial blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; CDT, Clock-Drawing Test; TMT-A, Trail-Making Test A; DR, diabetic retinopathy; DPN, diabetic peripheral neuropathy; DN, diabetic nephropathy. #P for the χ2 test; *P < 0.05; apost hoc paired comparisons show significant differences compared with HCs; bpost hoc paired comparisons show significant differences compared with DMCN patients.