Table 1.
Demographic characteristics and comorbidities of HA-AKI, CA-AKI, and no-AKI patients.
| Patients, no. (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HA-AKI | CA-AKI | No AKI | p | |
| (n = 308) | (n = 295) | (n = 721) | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, median (range), y | 70 (56, 80) | 65 (53, 75) | 59 (47, 73) | a, b, c |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 190 (61.7%) | 166 (56.3%) | 409 (56.7%) | |
| Female | 118 (38.3%) | 129 (43.7%) | 312 (43.3%) | |
| Ethnicity | b | |||
| Hispanic/Latino | 62 (20.1%) | 74 (25.1%) | 197 (27.3%) | |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 214 (69.5%) | 180 (61.0%) | 419 (58.1%) | |
| Unknown | 32 (10.4%) | 41 (13.9%) | 105 (14.6%) | |
| Race | ||||
| Caucasian | 177 (57.5%) | 165 (55.9%) | 384 (53.3%) | |
| African American | 26 (8.4%) | 13 (4.4%) | 52 (7.2%) | |
| Asian | 10 (3.3%) | 15 (5.1%) | 22 (3.1%) | |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 1 (0.3%) | 2 (0.7%) | 1 (0.1%) | |
| Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.1%) | |
| More than one race | 1 (0.3%) | 2 (0.7%) | 4 (0.6%) | |
| Unknown/not reported | 93 (30.2%) | 98 (33.2%) | 257 (35.6%) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Smoking history | b, c | |||
| Current smoker | 18 (5.8%) | 12 (4.1%) | 27 (3.7%) | |
| Former smoker | 77 (25.0%) | 61 (20.7%) | 160 (22.2%) | |
| Never smoked | 189 (61.4%) | 193 (65.4%) | 505 (70.0%) | |
| Unknown | 24 (7.8%) | 29 (9.8%) | 29 (4.1%) | |
| Diabetes | 108 (35.1%) | 97 (32.9%) | 159 (22.1%) | b, c |
| Hypertension | 196 (63.6%) | 175 (59.3%) | 302 (41.9%) | b, c |
| Asthma | 21 (6.8%) | 18 (6.1%) | 46 (6.4%) | |
| COPD | 33 (10.7%) | 32 (10.9%) | 57 (7.9%) | |
| Coronary artery disease | 73 (23.7%) | 44 (14.9%) | 91 (12.6%) | a, b |
| Heart failure | 55 (17.9%) | 27 (9.2%) | 38 (5.3%) | a, b |
| Cancer | 40 (13.0%) | 37 (12.6%) | 59 (8.2%) | b, c |
| Immunosuppression | 30 (9.7%) | 29 (9.8%) | 47 (6.5%) | c |
| Chronic kidney disease | 95 (18.8%) | 37 (12.5%) | 45 (6.2%) | a, b, c |
| No. of comorbidities of each patient | a, b, c | |||
| 0 | 57 (18.5%) | 82 (27.8%) | 275 (38.1%) | |
| 1 | 71 (23.1%) | 55 (18.6%) | 205 (28.4%) | |
| 2 | 70 (22.7%) | 87 (29.5%) | 136 (18.9%) | |
| 3 | 60 (19.5%) | 36 (12.2%) | 69 (9.6%) | |
| 4 | 31 (10.0%) | 20 (6.8%) | 26 (3.6%) | |
| 5 | 15 (4.9%) | 11 (3.7%) | 5 (0.7%) | |
| 6 | 4 (1.3%) | 4 (1.4%) | 4 (0.6%) | |
| 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.1%) | |
Group comparison of categorical variables in frequencies and percentages used χ2 test or Fisher exact tests. Group comparison of continuous variables in medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) used the Mann–Whitney U test. p < 0.05 for abetween CA-AKI and HA-AKI, bbetween HA-AKI and no AKI, and cbetween CA-AKI and No AKI.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.