Table 3.
Predictors associated for mental health outcomes identified by multivariable logistic regression analysis.
| PHQ-9, depression symptoms | GAD-7 anxiety | Insomnia symptoms | IES-R, distress symptoms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | P-value | OR (95%CI) | P-value | OR (95%CI) | P-value | OR (95%CI) | P-value | |
| Age | 0.645 | 0.450 | 0.732 | 0.523 | ||||
| 21–30 years | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||||
| 31–40 years | 1.11 (0.33–3.70) | 0.93 (0.37–2.36) | 1.57 (0.50–4.90) | 1.05 (0.35–3.10) | ||||
| 41 and above | 2.74 (0.30–24.72) | 2.67 (0.43–16.53) | 1.57 (0.17–14.53) | 0.36 (0.05–2.69) | ||||
| Gender | 0.020 | 0.039 | 0.566 | 0.470 | ||||
| Male | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||||
| Female | 1.94 (0.89–4.22) | 1.42 (0.34–5.94) | 0.79 (0.38–1.63) | 1.27(0.65–2.46) | ||||
| Nationality | 0.077 | 0.891 | 0.161 | 0.119 | ||||
| Saudi | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1[Reference] | ||||
| Non–Saudi | 3.07 (0.88–10.65) | 1.07 (0.38–2.96) | 2.31 (0.71–7.52) | 2.32 (0.80–6.75) | ||||
| Marital Status | 0.842 | 0.597 | 0.291 | 0.225 | ||||
| Single | 1[Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1[Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||||
| Married | 0.90 (0.33–2.46) | 0.81 (0.37–1.76) | 0.59 (0.22–1.55) | 0.58 (0.24–1.38) | ||||
| Educational level | 0.061 | 0.064 | 0.681 | 0.051 | ||||
| Diploma | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||||
| Bachelor | 0.31 (0.09–1.05) | 0.98 (0.35–2.71) | 0.78 (0.21–2.90) | 0.50 (0.16–1.54) | ||||
| Post graduate | 0.08 (0.01–0.50) | 0.33 (0.09–1.15) | 0.52 (0.11–2.49) | 0.17 (0.04–0.72) | ||||
| Type of hospital | 0.199 | 0.339 | 0.390 | 0.366 | ||||
| Private | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||||
| Government | 0.38 (0.08–1.67) | 1.33 (0.47–3.76) | 1.62 (0.53–4.93) | 0.56 (0.16–1.94) | ||||
| Profession | 0.006 | 0.028 | 0.010 | 0.010 | ||||
| Nurse | 1[Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||||
| Physician | 2.43 (0.91–6.47) | 0.57 (0.32–1.30) | 2.32 (0.89–6.07) | 1.44 (0.56–3.68) | ||||
| Others | 0.10 (0.13–0.81) | 0.72 (0.05–9.31) | 0.69 (0.13–2.26) | 0.34 (0.10–1.08) | ||||
| Working position | 0.026 | 0.372 | 0.884 | 0.044 | ||||
| Frontline | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||||
| Second–line | 0.48 (0.09–2.37) | 1.56 (0.73–3.31) | 1.05 (0.50–2.22) | 0.92 (0.44–1.92) | ||||
| Place of residence | 0.531 | 0.618 | 0.980 | 0.537 | ||||
| Riyadh | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||||
| Other | 1.43 (0.46–4.42) | 0.76 (0.26–2.18) | 1.01 (0.33–3.04) | 0.49 (0.05–4.65) | ||||
| No. of years as a healthcare professional | 0.093 | 0.272 | 0.929 | 0.168 | ||||
| 5 years and below | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||||
| 6–10 years | 1.63 (0.42–6.23) | 0.50 (0.17–1.48) | 0.76 (0.20–2.87) | 0.30 (0.08–1.10) | ||||
| 11–15 years | 0.62 (0.13–2.94) | 0.82 (0.26–2.60) | 1.12 (0.30–4.24) | 1.06 (0.30–3.72) | ||||
| No. of years working in this hospital | 0.388 | 0.961 | 0.484 | 0.215 | ||||
| 5 years and below | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||||
| 6–10 years | 0.54 (0.14–2.01) | 1.11 (0.39–3.10) | 0.51 (0.63–0.16) | 0.32 (0.08–1.28) | ||||
| 11 and above | 1.61 (0.30–8.57) | 1.32 (0.38–4.51) | 2.39 (0.58–9.84) | 0.99 (0.25–3.85) | ||||
GAD-7, 7-item generalized anxiety disorder; IES-R, 22-item impact of event scale–revised; ISI, 7-item insomnia severity index; PHQ-9, 9-item patient health questionnaire. P-value significant at P < 0.05. Bold values are considered significant (P-value significant at P < 0.05).