Table 4.

Summary of the biomarkers for the determination of the subtypes of stroke.

Biomarkers	Etiology	Sample/Methods	Cutoff/Time of blood drawing	Specificity	Sensitivity	References
BNP	Cardioembolic CE vs. other strokes subtypes	200 patients (LVD = 18, CE = 82, SVD = 31, and other stroke = 69) Chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay	140.0 pg/mL 24 h	80.5%, AUC = 0.87	80.5%, AUC = 0.87	(91)
BNP	Cardioembolic CE vs. all stroke subtypes	707 IS (LVD = 151, CE = 259, SVD = 128, and UE = 169) ELISA	76 pg/mL <24 h	69%	72%	(92)
BNP and DD	Cardioembolic CE vs. all stroke subtypes	707 IS (LVD = 151, CE = 259, SVD = 128, and UE = 169) ELISA	BNP>76 pg/mL DD> 0.96 μg/mL <24 h	91.3% AUC = 0.89	66.5% AUC = 0.89	(92)
D-Dimer	Cardioembolic CE vs. all stroke subtypes	707 IS (LVD = 151,CE = 259, SVD = 128, and UE = 169) ELISA	0.96 μg/mL <24 h	64%	56%	(92)
D-Dimer	Cardioembolic CE vs. LVD + SVD	126 IS (LVD = 34,CE = 34, SVD = 31, and UE = 27), and controls = 63 STA Liatest d-Dimer immunoassay (immunoturbidimetric technology)	2.00μg/mL >24 h	93.2%	59.3%	(93)
NT-proBNP	Cardioembolic CE vs. all stroke subtypes	114 IS (LVD = 27,CE = 34, SVD = 19, and UE = 34) Human RIAKit Phoenix Pharmaceuticals	200 pg/mL <6 h	82%	65%	(94)
Albumin/globulin ratio (G/A ratio)	Cardioembolic CE vs. all stroke subtypes	114 IS (LVD = 27,CE = 34, SVD = 19, and UE = 34) Immunoassay or colorimetric assay	0.7 <6 h	31%	91%	(94)
NT-proBNP and G/A ratio.	Cardioembolic CE vs. all stroke subtypes	114 IS (LVD = 27,CE = 34, SVD = 19, and UE = 34) Immunoassay or colorimetric assay	NT-proBNP >200 pg/mL G/A = 0.7 <6 h	AUC = 0.91 with Atrial Fibrillation (AF) AUC = 0.84 without AF		(94)
Pro-BNP	Cardioembolic CE vs. all stroke subtypes	262 IS (LVD = 44, CE = 100, SVD = 36, and UE = 82) Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay “ECLIA”	360 pg/mL <12 h	83% AUC = 0.921	87% AUC = 0.921	(95)
Pro-ANP	Cardioembolic CE vs. all stroke subtypes	262 IS (LVD = 44, CE = 100, SVD = 36, UE = 86) ELISA	2,266.6 fmol/mL <12 h	70% AUC = 0.735	62% AUC = 0.735	(95)
CK-MB	Cardioembolic CE vs. all stroke subtypes	262 IS (LVD = 44, CE = 100, SVD = 36, and UE = 86) Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay “ECLIA”	2.6 ng/mL <12 h	80% AUC = 0.731	62% AUC = 0.731	(95)
NT-proBNP	Cardioembolic CE vs. no-CE	Meta-analysis: six studies NT-proBNP prospective cohort	200–360 pg/mL <72 h	93% AUC = 0.87	55% AUC = 0.87	(96)
BNP	Cardioembolic CE vs. no-CE	Meta-analysis: ten studies BNP prospective cohort	64–155 pg/mL <24 h	85% AUC = 0.87	65% AUC = 0.87	(96)
Troponin	Embolic stroke of unknown source (ESUS) ESUS vs. CE, non-CE	1,120 IS [CE = 371, non-CE = 310, and embolic stroke of unknown source (ESUS) = 439] Sandwich immunoassay	ng/mL <24 h	95 %	12%	(97)
Troponin	Cardioembolic CE vs. ESUS, non-CE	1,120 IS [CE = 371, non-CE = 310, and embolic stroke of unknown source (ESUS) = 439] Sandwich immunoassay	ng/mL <24 h	95 %	17%	(97)
D-Dimer	SVD (lacunar) SVD vs. CE + LVD	126 patients (LVD = 34,CE = 34, SVD = 31, and UE = 27) STA Liatest d-Dimer immunoassay (immunoturbidimetric technology)	0.54 μg/mL >24 h	96.2%	61.3%	(93)
Homocysteine (Hcy)	Lacunar (SVD) SVD vs. controls	197 acute lacunar infarction patients and 192 controls –	15.5 μmol/L <24 h	100% AUC = 0.881	65% AUC = 0.881	(98)
Fibrinogen	Lacunar (SVD) SVD vs. controls	197 acute lacunar infarction patients and 192 controls –	228.55 μg/dL <24 h	58.3% AUC = 0.688	83.2% AUC = 0.688	(98)
Hcy/fibrinogen	Lacunar (SVD) SVD vs. controls	197 acute lacunar infarction patients and 192 controls –	15.5 μmol/L 228.55 μg/dL <24 h	58.3% AUC = 0.766	94.9% AUC = 0.766	(98)
GFAP/d-dimer preprint	LVD LVD vs. other strokes	128 patients (LVD = 23, non-LVD = 42, HS = 16, stroke mimic = 31, and TIA = 16) ELISA	d-dimer +GFAP = 0.33	92% AUC = 0.81	57% AUC = 0.81	(99)

Bold values indicate groups compared in the studies analyzed by Receiver Operating Curve analysis (ROC).