Table 2.
Associations of level of IEO on level of and rate of change in three cognitive measures in stratified multilevel (mixed-effects) models.
| Women |
Men |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Immediate recall |
Delayed recall |
Verbal fluency |
Immediate recall |
Delayed recall |
Verbal fluency |
||
| Coeff. (CI) | Coeff. (CI) | Coeff. (CI) | Coeff. (CI) | Coeff. (CI) | Coeff. (CI) | ||
| (Intercept) | −0.27 *** (−0.34 to −0.19) | −0.20 *** (−0.28 to −0.12) | −0.29 *** (−0.39 to −0.19) | −0.30 *** (−0.37 to −0.24) | −0.26 *** (−0.33 to −0.19) | −0.25 *** (−0.35 to −0.16) | |
| Age centered at 50 in decades | 0.15 *** (0.11–0.19) | 0.17 *** (0.12–0.21) | 0.09 *** (0.05–0.13) | 0.18 *** (0.13–0.23) | 0.20 *** (0.15–0.25) | 0.03 (-0.02 – 0.08) | |
| Age squared | −0.10 *** (−0.11 to −0.08) | −0.10 *** (−0.12 to −0.09) | −0.07 *** (−0.08 to −0.05) | −0.11 *** (−0.13 to −0.09) | −0.11 *** (−0.12 to −0.09) | −0.05 *** (−0.07 to −0.04) | |
| Indicator of first testing | −0.08 *** (−0.09 to −0.06) | −0.12 *** (−0.13 to −0.11) | −0.05 *** (−0.06 to −0.03) | −0.06 *** (−0.08 to −0.04) | −0.10 *** (−0.12 to −0.09) | −0.05 *** (−0.06 to −0.04) | |
| Education (reference: ISCED 0–2) | |||||||
| ISCED 3 | 0.36 *** (0.34–0.38) | 0.34 *** (0.32–0.36) | 0.32 *** (0.30–0.34) | 0.30 *** (0.27–0.32) | 0.26 *** (0.24–0.29) | 0.25 *** (0.22–0.28) | |
| ISCED 4–6 | 0.60 *** (0.58–0.62) | 0.59 *** (0.57–0.62) | 0.62 *** (0.59–0.64) | 0.56 *** (0.54–0.59) | 0.54 *** (0.52–0.57) | 0.50 *** (0.47–0.52) | |
| Job situation (reference: Retired) | |||||||
| Employed or self-employed | 0.10 *** (0.08–0.12) | 0.11 *** (0.08–0.13) | 0.10 *** (0.07–0.12) | 0.09 *** (0.06–0.11) | 0.11 *** (0.08–0.14) | 0.08 *** (0.05–0.11) | |
| Unemployed | −0.01 (-0.05 – 0.04) | −0.00 (-0.05 – 0.04) | −0.06 * (−0.10 to −0.01) | −0.05 * (−0.09 to −0.00) | −0.03 (-0.08 – 0.02) | −0.08 *** (−0.13 to −0.04) | |
| Permanently sick or disabled | −0.11 *** (−0.16 to −0.07) | −0.10 *** (−0.14 to −0.05) | −0.12 *** (−0.17 to −0.07) | −0.15 *** (−0.20 to −0.10) | −0.11 *** (−0.16 to −0.06) | −0.18 *** (−0.23 to −0.13) | |
| Homemaker | −0.04 * (−0.06 to −0.01) | −0.03 (-0.06 – 0.00) | −0.05 *** (−0.08 to −0.02) | 0.02 (-0.13 – 0.17) | 0.06 (-0.10 – 0.23) | −0.03 (-0.19 – 0.14) | |
| Cohabitation status (reference: Living alone) | |||||||
| Cohabiting with partner | 0.04 *** (0.02–0.06) | 0.00 (-0.02 – 0.02) | 0.05 *** (0.03–0.07) | 0.08 *** (0.05–0.10) | 0.06 *** (0.03–0.08) | 0.09 *** (0.06–0.11) | |
| Self-rated health (reference: Fair or better) | |||||||
| Poor | −0.17 *** (−0.20 to −0.13) | −0.16 *** (−0.19 to −0.12) | −0.16 *** (−0.19 to −0.12) | −0.19 *** (−0.23 to −0.14) | −0.17 *** (−0.21 to −0.13) | −0.16 *** (−0.20 to −0.11) | |
| Number of chronic diseases (0–9) | −0.02 *** (−0.03 to −0.02) | −0.03 *** (−0.03 to −0.02) | −0.03 *** (−0.04 to −0.02) | −0.00 (-0.01 – 0.01) | −0.01 (-0.02 – 0.00) | 0.00 (-0.01 – 0.01) | |
| Number of depressive symptoms (0–12) | −0.02 *** (−0.03 to −0.02) | −0.02 *** (−0.03 to −0.02) | −0.02 *** (−0.03 to −0.02) | −0.03 *** (−0.04 to −0.03) | −0.03 *** (−0.04 to −0.03) | −0.03 *** (−0.04 to −0.03) | |
| IEO | −1.23 ** (−1.97 to −0.48) | −0.97 * (−1.78 to −0.16) | −1.77 ** (−2.84 to −0.70) | −0.94 ** (−1.50 to −0.38) | −0.60 (-1.20 to −0.00) | −1.79 *** (−2.74 to −0.84) | |
| IEO*age | 0.17 * (0.02–0.32) | −0.17 * (−0.32 to −0.02) | −0.39 *** (−0.53 to −0.24) | 0.48 *** (0.32–0.65) | 0.01 (-0.16 – 0.18) | −0.16 (-0.32 – 0.01) | |
| Random Effects | |||||||
| σ2 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.41 | 0.58 | 0.57 | 0.45 | |
| τ00 individual-level | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.27 | 0.32 | 0.35 | |
| τ00 country-cohort | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.08 | |
| ICC | 0.36 | 0.41 | 0.51 | 0.33 | 0.38 | 0.49 | |
| N | 25,544 | 25,544 | 25,538 | 20,904 | 20,903 | 20,900 | |
| Number of country-cohorts | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | |
| Observations | 89,713 | 89,748 | 77,284 | 71,455 | 71,525 | 61,807 | |
| Marginal R2/Conditional R2 | 0.130/0.440 | 0.124/0.483 | 0.173/0.596 | 0.096/0.398 | 0.092/0.439 | 0.120/0.553 | |
Note. *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001. Std., standardized, CI, confidence interval, ISCED, International Standard Classification of Education, No., number, IEO, Inequality of educational opportunity, σ2, mean random effect variance (overall), τ00, random effect (between-units) variances on individual level and country-cohort level, ICC, Intra-class correlation, N, number of respondents, Marginal R2, variance explained by fixed effects, Conditional R2, variance explained by fixed and random effects.