Table 2.
Potential novel therapeutic targets of breast cancer
| Target | Function | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| PES1 | Promotes breast cancer growth | Forms a complex with TERT and the TR, regulating telomerase activity, telomere length maintenance, and senescence | 85 |
| MSN | Stimulates TNBC cells proliferation and invasion | Phosphorylated MSN interacts with the nucleoprotein NONO and promotes the nuclear localization of PKC interacting with MSN, which leads to the phosphorylation of CREB and the up-regulation of downstream gene expression | 92 |
| PHF20L1 | Maintains the proliferative state of breast cancer cells | recognizes H3K27me2 and collaborates with PRC2 and the NuRD complex in regulating H3K27 modifications to suppress a series of tumor suppressors | 82 |
| TROJAN | Promotes TNBC cells proliferation and invasion | Increases ZMYND8 degradation and epigenetically upregulates metastasis-related genes | 90 |
| PAS1 | Inhibits breast cancer cells proliferation and metastasis | Binds to rDNA genes and recruits histone methyltransferase SUV39H1, triggering H3K9 methylation of these genes, resulting in the suppression of ribosome synthesis | 86 |
| BCRT1 | Promotes breast cancer cells proliferation and mobility | competitively binding with miR-1303 to protect PTBP3 from degradation; promotes M2 polarization; facilitates hypoxia-induced EMT | 87 |
| circCDYL | Promotes breast cancer cells proliferation | promotes breast cancer malignant progression via the miR-1275-ATG7/ULK1-autophagic axis | 88 |
| circSEPT9 | Promotes TNBC cells proliferation, migration, invasion and inhibits TNBC cells apoptosis and autophagy | E2F1 and EIF4A3 mediated circSEPT9 regulates the expression of LIF via sponging miR-637 and activates LIF/Stat3 signaling pathway | 91 |
| OTUB2 | Promotes breast cancer stemness and metastasis | EGF and KRAS mutation induce OTUB2 poly-SUMOylation, thereby deubiquitinates and activates YAP/TAZ | 80 |
| NOTCH1 | Induces the TNBC formation | Promotes the EMT and regulates the cell cycle through activation of ATR-CHK1 signalling pathway | 89 |
| PRMT1 | Promotes breast cancer cells proliferation | PRMT1-dependent methylation of C/EBPα promotes the expression of cyclin D1 by blocking the interaction between C/EBPα and HDAC3 | 78 |
| CARM1 | Promotes ERα-positive breast cancer cells proliferation | Transcriptional activates cognate estrogen-induced genes and methylates a large cohort of proteins | 79 |
| FTO | Promotes breast cancer cells proliferation, colony formation and metastasis | Demethylates N6-methyladenosine in the 3'UTR of BNIP3 and causes its degradation | 77 |
| RNF114A | Suppresses breast cancer cells proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion | Interacts with and targets HSPA2 for ubiquitination and degradation | 81 |
| HSF1 | Promotes breast cancer cells proliferation, migration, and invasion | PIM2-mediated HSF1 phosphorylation at Thr120 promotes proteostasis and carboplatin-induced autophagy, and enhances PD-L1 expression | 83 |
| ECT2 | promotes breast cancer cells survival | Forms a positive feedback loop with USP7 to promote stabilization of each other, ultimately sustains the expression of MDM2 | 84 |
TERT telomerase reverse transcriptase, TR telomerase RNA, PKC protein kinase C, CREB cAMP response element-binding protein, PRC2 polycomb repressive complex 2, NuRD Mi-2/nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase, ZMYND8 zinc finger MYND-type containing 8, rDNA ribosome DNA, LIF leukemia inhibitory factor, TAZ WW domain-containing transcription factor, C/EBPα CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α, HSPA2 heat-shock protein family A member 2,PIM proviral integration site for moloney murine leukemia virus.