Table 2.

Role of TRPV1 in Proliferation.

Drug	Dose (μM)	Duration (h)	Tissue/Cell Type	Mechanism	Outcomes	Ref.
			Human colorectal cancer HCT116 cells	Overexpression of TRPV1 suppressed EGFR phosphorylation at Y1068	Proliferation ↓	70
			Trpv1 knockout mice	TRPV1 knockout increased constitutive EGFR Y1068 phosphorylation and PCNA, c-Fos and c-Myc expression levels	Proliferation ↑	70
			Human colorectal cancer HCT116 cells	TRPV1 activation activates calpain and PTP1B, which dephosphorylates EGFR	Proliferation ↓	70
			Human melanoma A2058 and A375 cells	Overexpression of TRPV1 activated p53 and, subsequently, upregulated its downstream target genes p21, PUMA, and mdm2 to induce apoptosis	Proliferation ↓	71
			Human pancreatic cancer cell line, PANC-1	Overexpression of TRPV1 downregulates EGFR levels by inducing EGFR ubiquitination and degradation	Proliferation ↓	72
			Human skin A431 cells	Overexpression of TRPV1 promotes EGFR ubiquitylation and lysosomal degradation	Proliferation ↓	73
Capsaicin	100	24	Human urothelial cancer RT4 cells	Induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase and apoptosis by activating p53 to upregulate Fas/CD95 in TRPV1-overexpressing cells	Proliferation ↓	74
Capsaicin	50-400	24-48	Human renal carcinoma 786-O cells	Activated p38 and JNK MAPK pathways to induce apoptosis	Proliferation ↓	75
Capsaicin	0.1-20	48	Human prostate tumor androgen-responsive LNCaP cells	Activated PI3K and p44/42 MAPK pathways to suppress ceramide production and increased androgen receptor expression	Proliferation ↑	76
Capsaicin	15	96-120	Human ESCC cell lines Eca109		Proliferation ↑	77
Capsaicin	100	24	Human hepatocellular carcinoma PLC/PRF/5 cells	Induced apoptosis by increasing the phosphorylation level of ERK and attenuating STAT3 phosphorylation	Proliferation ↓	81
Capsaicin	20	36	Human prostate tumor androgen-resistant PC-3 cells	Induced apoptosis by producing ROS originating from the mitochondria and decreasing perturbations in the inner transmembrane potential (△Ψm) independently of TRPV1	Proliferation ↓	82
Capsaicin	100	24-72	Human pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor BON and QGP-1 cells	Disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential and suppressed ATP synthesis to induce apoptosis	Proliferation ↓	83
Capsaicin	75	24/48	Human nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE2 and SUNE1 cells	Inhibited MKK3-induced p38 activation	Proliferation ↓	84
Capsaicin	3	48/96	Human breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7 cells		Proliferation ↑	90
Cannabidiol	10	48	Human breast carcinoma cell line MBA-MD-231 cells	Induced apoptosis via activation of CB2 and TRPV1 to elevate reactive oxygen species	Proliferation ↓	78
Cannabidiol	10	24	Human colon adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 cells	Reduced the phosphorylation level of Akt, which was dependent on TRPV1 and CB1	Proliferation ↓	79
Noradrenaline	100	24	Human prostate tumor androgen-resistant PC-3 cells	Activated both alpha 1D-AR and TRPV1 and, subsequently, elicited the PLC/PKC/ERK pathways	Proliferation ↑	80
Cannabigerol	10	24	Human colon adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 cells	Stimulated ROS generation, increased CHOP expression level, and promoted apoptosis	Proliferation ↓	85
AEA	10	24-72	The murine neuroblastoma cell line N1E-115	Seemed to occur via a lipid raft-dependent mechanism	Proliferation ↓	86