Table 1.
Roles of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease
| miRNAs | Targets | Functions | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| miRNAs that weaken the intestinal barrier | |||
| miR-21 | PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway | Increases the paracellular permeability of the intestinal epithelium | 49 |
| miR-122a | EGFR | Enhances the expression of zonulin and increases epithelial permeability | 48 |
| miR-191a, -212 | ZO-1 | Reduce the expression of ZO-1 | 44, 45 |
| miR-675 | Cadherin E, ZO-1 | Destabilizes the mRNA of cadherin E and ZO-1 | 46 |
| miR-874 | Aquaporin 3 | Decreases the expression of aquaporin 3 | 47 |
| miRNAs that strengthen the intestinal barrier | |||
| miR-93 | PTK6 | Reduces the expression of PTK6, and its downregulation attenuates epithelial injury | 51 |
| miR-200b | c-Jun, MLCK | Decreases epithelial damage induced by TNF-α in the intestinal epithelium | 50 |
| miRNAs that increase inflammation | |||
| miR-21 | MIP2, TNF-α | Increases the level of MIP2 and TNF-α | 52 |
| miR-124 | AhR | Suppresses AhR expression and increases pro-inflammatory cytokine production | 53 |
| miRNAs that decrease inflammation | |||
| miR-10a | IL-12/23p40 | Downregulates the expression of IL-12/23p40 and Th1/Th17 cell responses | 56 |
| miR-141 | CXCL12β | Inhibits CXCL12β-mediated leukocyte migration | 57 |
| miR-320 | NOD2 | Decreases the expression of NOD2 | 55 |
| miRNAs that enhance autophagy | |||
| miR-346 | Vitamin-D receptor, GSK3B | Downregulates the expression of GSK3B, which increases ATG16L1 | 62 |
| miR-665 | XBP1, ORMDL3 | Represses XBP1 and ORMDL3 expression | 63 |
| miRNAs that inhibit autophagy | |||
| miR-20a | ATG16L1, SQSTM1 | Downregulates BECN1, ATG16L1, and SQSTM1 | 64 |
| miR-30C | ATG5, ATG16L1 | Reduces the level of ATG5 and ATG16L1 | 65 |
| miR-93, -106B | ATG16L1, PTEN | Suppress ATG16L1 expression and PTEN activity | 66, 67 |
| miR-122 | NOD2, NF-κB | Inhibits NOD2 activity and increases NF-κB | 69 |
| miR-130a | p-mTOR | Increases the level of p-mTOR | 71 |
| miR-132, -223 | FOXO3a | Downregulate FOXO3a, which enhances NF-κB signaling | 72 |
| miR-142-3p | ATG16L1 | Decreases ATG16L1 mRNA and protein levels | 68 |
| miR-146b | SIAH2, FOXO3 | Decreases SIAH2 and FOXO3 expression and activates the NF-κB pathway | 74 |
| miR-155 | SHIP-1, FOXO3a | Increases Akt activity by decreasing SHIP-1, downregulates FOXO3a and enhances the NF-κB pathway | 75, 76 |
| miR-192 | NOD2, NF-κB | Downregulates NOD2 expression and inhibits NF-κB activity | 70 |
| miR-196 | LC3-II | Inhibits the accumulation of LC3-II | 77 |
| miR-320 | NOD2 | Reduces NOD2 expression | 55 |