Table 2. Full Regression Output of Primary Analysisa.
| Characteristics | Coefficient for adjustment (95% CI) | Partial F | P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics (n = 3038) | Clinical risk (n = 3038) | Supply (n = 3038) | SDoH (n = 3038) | All factors (n = 3038) | |||
| Demographic | |||||||
| Age | −91 837.72 (−254 492.60 to 70 817.15) | NA | NA | NA | −76 419.42 (−137 892.80 to −14 946.03) | 4.7 | <.001 |
| P value | .27 | NA | NA | NA | .02 | ||
| Age squared | 1265.28 (−1046.88 to 3577.45) | NA | NA | NA | 1079.54 (204.53 to 1954.56) | ||
| P value | .28 | NA | NA | NA | .02 | ||
| Age cubed | −5.812 (−16.76 to 5.14) | NA | NA | NA | −5.07 (−9.22 to −0.92) | ||
| P value | .30 | NA | NA | NA | .02 | ||
| Women | 325.20 (279.74 to 370.65) | NA | NA | NA | 68.58 (28.12 to 109.04) | ||
| P value | <.001 | NA | NA | NA | .001 | ||
| Clinical risk | |||||||
| CMS-HCC score | NA | 10 479.92 (9732.73 to 11 227.11) | NA | NA | 10 852.63 (9890.81 to 11 814.44) | 489.5 | <.001 |
| P value | NA | <.001 | NA | NA | <.001 | ||
| Supply of health resources per 1000 population | |||||||
| PCPs | NA | NA | −2330.73 (−2793.61 to −1867.86) | NA | −493.47 (−701.08 to −285.86) | 12.1 | <.001 |
| P value | NA | NA | <.001 | NA | <.001 | ||
| Specialists | NA | NA | 415.71 (292.35 to 539.07) | NA | 29.28 (−10.17 to 68.74) | ||
| P value | NA | NA | <.001 | NA | .15 | ||
| Hospital beds | NA | NA | 47.74 (18.01 to 77.46) | NA | 15.32 (1.58 to 29.05) | ||
| P value | NA | NA | .002 | NA | .03 | ||
| SNF beds | NA | NA | 38.88 (14.88 to 62.89) | NA | 40.16 (27.45 to 52.87) | ||
| P value | NA | NA | .002 | NA | <.001 | ||
| HHA aides | NA | NA | 32.16 (−17.89 to 82.21) | NA | 13.28 (−9.19 to 35.75) | ||
| P value | NA | NA | .21 | NA | .25 | ||
| Hospice RNs | NA | NA | 596.55 (213.61 to 979.49) | NA | 401.13 (201.98 to 600.27) | ||
| P value | NA | NA | .002 | NA | <.001 | ||
| ASCs | NA | NA | 4423.34 (−734.08 to 9580.77) | NA | −350.03 (−2872.56 to 2172.51) | ||
| P value | NA | NA | .09 | NA | .79 | ||
| Social determinants of health | |||||||
| Socioeconomic position | |||||||
| Median household income, $ | NA | NA | NA | −0.0065 (−0.019 to 0.006) | 0.012 (0.005 to 0.019) | 23.8 | <.001 |
| P value | NA | NA | NA | .32 | <.001 | ||
| Uninsured rate | NA | NA | NA | 99.74 (72.06 to 127.43) | 92.78 (77.11 to 108.45) | ||
| P value | NA | NA | NA | <.001 | <.001 | ||
| Unemployment rate | NA | NA | NA | 10.48 (−68.78 to 89.74) | −4.21 (−51.99 to 43.58) | ||
| P value | NA | NA | NA | .80 | .86 | ||
| % Without high school degree | NA | NA | NA | 69.43 (30.27 to 108.59) | −20.19 (−37.23 to −3.15) | ||
| P value | NA | NA | NA | .001 | .20 | ||
| Food environment index | NA | NA | NA | 303.41 (126.71 to 480.10) | −37.84 (−132.90 to 57.22) | ||
| P value | NA | NA | NA | .001 | .44 | ||
| Race/ethnicity, % | |||||||
| Non-citizens | NA | NA | NA | −30.71 (−80.54 to 19.11) | −27.48 (−54.12 to −0.83) | ||
| P value | NA | NA | NA | .23 | .04 | ||
| Hispanic | NA | NA | NA | −7.62 (−18.59 to 3.35) | 3.39 (−3.94 to 10.73) | ||
| P value | NA | NA | NA | .17 | .36 | ||
| Non-Hispanic black | NA | NA | NA | 30.69 (21.76 to 39.62) | 3.41 (−1.71 to 8.53) | ||
| P value | NA | NA | NA | <.001 | .19 | ||
| Non-Hispanic other race | NA | NA | NA | 221.12 (−96.33 to 538.57) | −59.27 (−337.67 to 219.14) | ||
| P value | NA | NA | NA | .17 | .68 | ||
| Social relationships | |||||||
| Per 1000 population | NA | NA | NA | 0.56 (−16.74 to 17.86) | −24.35 (−37.80 to −10.90) | ||
| P value | NA | NA | NA | .95 | <.001 | ||
| Residential and community context, % | |||||||
| Households with severe housing problems | NA | NA | NA | 0.91 (−48.15 to 49.98) | −34.84 (−55.16 to −14.57) | ||
| P value | NA | NA | NA | .97 | .001 | ||
| Residents with access to exercise opportunities | NA | NA | NA | −5.25 (−10.00 to −0.49) | −2.57 (−6.31 to 1.17) | ||
| P value | NA | NA | NA | .03 | .18 | ||
| Housing units in rural areas | NA | NA | NA | −20.48 (−24.25 to −16.71) | −0.47 (−3.54 to 2.61) | ||
| P value | NA | NA | NA | <.001 | .76 | ||
| Overall F | 66.6 | 756.3 | 22.6 | 60.80 | 121.0 | NA | NA |
| P value of F | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | NA | NA |
| R2 | 0.18 | 0.62 | 0.14 | 0.38 | 0.77 | NA | NA |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.18 | 0.62 | 0.14 | 0.38 | 0.77 | NA | NA |
Abbreviations: ASC, ambulatory surgery center; CMS-HCC, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services hierarchical condition category; HHA, home health agency; NA, not applicable; PCP, primary care physicians; RN, registered nurses; SNF, skilled nursing facility.
a
Results are from the linear regressions using CMS price-adjusted per beneficiary Medicare spending as outcome, adjusting for variables in each column.