Table 1.
Summary of selected clinical cases of GBM (n.a., Not/applicable).
| referencea | databaseb | genderc | aged | symptomse | type of gbm tumourf | surgical resectiong | therapyh | tumour recurrencei | molecular markers (expression)j | molecular markers (somatic mutations)k | survival timel |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dormegny et al. [35] | BVS | male | 21 | hemiparesis, seizures | primary | n.a. | n.a. | yes | n.a. | H3K27M(+), IDH R132H(−) | 3 months |
| Kajitani et al. [36] | BVS | male | 13 | headache | secondary | partial | QT/RT, TMZ | yes | GFAP(+),VIMENTIN(+),KI67(+),MGMT(−) | ATRX(+), IDH−1 wt(+), H3KM27M(−), BRAFV600E(−), TP53(+) | 4 months |
| Kajitani et al. [36] | BVS | female | 16 | seizures | secondary | partial | QT/RT, TMZ | yes | GFAP(+), ATRX(+),VIMENTIN(+), KI67(+), MGMT(−) | IDH-1 wt (+), TP53(−), BRAFV600E(−),H3K27M(−) | 6 months |
| Kajitani et al. [36] | BVS | female | 16 | facial nerve paralysis | secondary | total | QT/RT, TMZ | no | GFAP(+), ATRX(+), VIMENTIN(+),KI67(+) | IDH-1 wt (+),BRAFV600E(−),H3K27M(−), TP53(+) | alive |
| Kumaria et al. [37] | BVS | male | 65 | headache, personality disorder, dizziness | primary | total | n.a. | yes | GFAP(+) | IDH-1 wt(+) | 17 months |
| McClelland et al. [38] | BVS | male | 57 | headache, hemiparesis | primary | partial | QT/RT, TTF | yes | GFAP(+),VIMENTIN (+), KI67(+) | TP53(+), IDH-1(+) | 25 months |
| Petzold et al. [39] | BVS | female | 28 | headache, aphasia, dizziness, nausea | primary | total | QT/RT | no | n.a. | IDH-1(+) | alive |
| Prelaj et al. [40] | BVS | male | 60 | aphasia, hemiparesis | primary | total | QT/RT, TMZ | yes | GFAP(+), EGFR(+), MKi67(+) | TP53(+), IDH-1 wt(+) | 6 months |
| Ranjan et al. [41] | BVS | female | 51 | headache, hemiparesis | primary | total | QT/RT,TMZ, nivolumab | no | KI67(+) | n.a. | alive |
| Ranjan et al. [41] | BVS | male | 63 | aphasia | primary | total | QT/RT,TMZ, nivolumab | no | KI67(+) | n.a. | alive |
| Ranjan et al. [41] | BVS | male | 47 | headache, nausea, vomiting | primary | total | QT/RT,TMZ, nivolumab, ipilimumab | yes | KI67(+) | n.a. | alive |
| Ranjan et al. [41] | BVS | male | 47 | headache, aphasia | primary | total | QT/RT,TMZ, nivolumab | yes | KI67(+) | n.a. | alive |
| Richard et al. [42] | BVS | male | 28 | seizures | primary | total | QT/RT,TMZ | no | GFAP(+), OLIG2(+), ATRX(+), MKi67(+), MGMT(+) | IDH-1(+),TP53(+), TERT(+) | alive |
| Rosen et al. [43] | BVS | female | 48 | aphasia, hemiparesis | primary | partial | QT/RT, TMZ, bevacizumab | yes | MGMT(−) | IDH-1 wt(+) | 13 months |
| Wang et al. [44] | BVS | male | 4 | headache, hemiparesis, vomiting | primary | total | QT/RT, bevacizumab, nimotucimab, irinotecan | yes | GFAP(+),VIMENTIN(+),OLIG2(+), S-100(+)ATRX, MGMT(+),MKI67(+) | TP53, IDH-1(+), SMAD3(+), SMARCB1(+) | 8 years |
| Bärtschi et al. [45] | BVS | male | 44 | hemiparesis | primary | total by 5-ALA fluorescence | QT/RT | no | S100A1(+), | BRAFV600E(−) | alive |
| Porto et al. [46] | BVS | male | 72 | headache | primary | partial by 5-ALA fluorescence | QT/RT | yes | ATRX(+) | IDH-1 wt(+) | 5 months |
| Awadalla et al. [47] | BVS | male | 60 | aphasia, hemiplegia | primary | partial | n.a. | no | GFAP(+), VIMENTIN(+) | n.a. | 8 months |
| Gestrich et al. [48] | BVS | male | 64 | altered mental status | primary | total | n.a. | yes | GFAP(+), S100(+) | IDH-1 wt(+) | 10 months |
| Macchi et al. [49] | BVS | female | 43 | seizures, memory loss | primary | n.a. | QT/RT TMZ | no | n.a. | IDH-1 wt(+) | 9 months |
| Watanabe et al. [50] | BVS | female | 19 | headache | secondary | total | QT/RT TMZ | yes | OLIG2(+), KI67(+), ATRX(−) | BRAFV600E(+), IDH1 R132H(−), SMARCB1(−), H3F3A(−) H3K27M(−), (TERT(−) | alive |
| Widjaja et al. [51] | Karger | male | 58 | hemiparesis, fever, progressive confusion | primary | total | QT/RT, Procarbacin | yes | GFAP(+), VIMENTIN(+) | n.a. | alive |
| Hou et al. [52] | Karger | female | 30 | aphasia, seizures | primary | partial | QT/RT TMZ | yes | S-100(+), GFAP(+), VIMENTIN(+) | 5 months | |
| Naydenov et al. [53] | Karger | female | 45 | headache, hemiparesis | primary | partial | QT/RT,TMZ | yes | EGRF(+) | TP53(+) | alive |
| Roviello et al. [54] | Karger | female | 72 | dizziness | primary | partial | QT/RT TMZ, corticostoroids | yes | MKi67(+), EGFR(−) | TP53(−) | 4 months |
| Roviello et al. [54] | Karger | male | 76 | headache, hemiparesis | primary | partial | corticosteroids | no | MKi67(+), EGFR(+) | TP53(−) | 5 months |
| Elzinga et al. [55] | Karger | female | 76 | hemiparesis, aphasia, confusion | primary | partial By CyberKnife | QT/RT, TMZ, bevacizumab | yes | OLIG2(+), MGMT(+) | IDH-1(−), EGFR(+) | 22 months |
| Naydenov et al. [56] | Karger | male | 61 | aphasia, hemiparesis | secondary | partial | QT/RT | yes | MGMT(+) | n.a. | alive |
| Lewis et al. [57] | Karger | female | 47 | headache, nausea, hemiparesis | primary | total | QT/RT, TMZ, IFN-β | yes | GFAP(+), TP53(+), MGMT(−) | IDH-1 wt(+) | 5 months |
| Papaevangelou et al. [58] | Karger | female | 7 | hemiparesis, physical disability | primary | total | QT/RT, temozolomide, erlotinib | yes | GFAP(+), S-100(+), VIMENTIN(+), OLIG2(+), MKI67(+), | EGFR(+), SMARCB1(+), H3K27M(+), SMAD3(−), TP53(−) | 20 months |
| Hasan et al. [59] | Karger | female | 58 | hemiparesis | secondary | total | QT/RT | no | MKI67 (+), MGMT(−) | IDH-1 wt(+) | alive |
| Van Seggelen et al. [60] | Karger | male | 62 | ataxia | primary | total | QT/RT TMZ, nivolumab | yes | MGMT(+) | IDH-1 wt(+) | alive |
| Thummalapalli et al. [61] | Karger | male | 74 | aphasia | primary | partial | QT/RT, TMZ, nivolumab | yes | MGMT(−) | BRAFV600E(+), IDH-1 wt(+) | 14 months |
| Rajagopalan et al. [62] | Pubmed | male | 60 | headache, hemiparesis | primary | partial | QT/RT TMZ, irinotecan, celecoxib | yes | GFAP(+) | n.a. | 21 months |
| Zhang et al. [63] | PubMed | male | 17 | dysphagia, hypokinesia | primary | partial | QT TMZ | yes | GFAP(+), S100A1(+), VIMENTIN(+), MGMT(−), MKI67(−) | TP53(+), EGFR(−) | 37 months |
| Zuccoli et al. [64] | PubMed | female | 65 | headache, nausea, memory loss | primary | partial | QT/RT TMZ irinotecan, bevacizumab | yes | MGMT(+) | n.a. | alive |
| Miao-Xia He et al. [65] | PubMed | male | 31 | headache | primary | total | QT/RT | yes | GFAP(+), S100A1(+), Vimentin(+), MKI67(+) | SMARCB1(+), SMA(+), TP53(+) | 4 months |
| Paraskevopoulos et al. [66] | PubMed | female | 12 | hemiparesis, dysesthesia | primary | total | QT/RT vincristine, etoposide, carboplatin | yes | GFAP(+), S100A1(+), MKi67(+), | n.a. | 12 months |
| Jeong et al. [67] | PubMed | male | 32 | headache | primary | total | QT/RT TMZ | no | GFAP(+), MKI67(+), MGMT(−) | EGFR(−) | alive |
| Lakičević et al. [68] | Pubmed | male | 53 | headaches, nausea, vomiting | primary | total | QT/RT TMZ | no | GFAP(+) | n.a. | alive |
| Matsuda et al. [69] | Pubmed | male | 69 | facial pain | primary | partial | QT/RT TMZ | no | GFAP (+), MKI67(+), | EGFR(+), TP53(−), IDH-1 R132H(−) | alive |
| Theeler et al. [70] | PubMed | female | 36 | progressive neurologic deficits | secondary | n.a. | QT/RT TMZ | yes | n.a. | IDH1 wt R132H(+), BRAFV600E(+) | alive |
| Theeler et al. [70] | PubMed | male | 32 | progressive neurologic deficits | primary | partial | QT/RT TMZ, erlotinb | yes | PIK3CA(+) | IDH wt R132H(+) | alive |
| Johnson et al. [71] | PubMed | male | 73 | hemiparesis, seizures | primary | total | QT/RT TMZ | yes | MGMT(+) | n.a. | 24 months |
| Johansen et al. [72] | PubMed | female | 59 | headache, blurred vision | primary | total | QT/RT TMZ, bevacizumab | no | GFAP(+), OLIG2(+), MGMT(+), KI67(+), ATRX(+), | IDH-1(−), TP53(+) | 8 months |
| Johansen et al. [72] | PubMed | male | 60 | seizures, cerebral haemorrhage | primary | total | n.a. | no | GFAP(+), OLIG2(+), MKI67(+), MGMT(+), ATRX(−) | IDH-1(−), TP53(−) | 10 months |
| Anghileri et al. [73] | PubMed | male | 43 | headache | primary | total | RT/QT, TMZ, bevacizumab | yes | GFAP(+), VIMENTIN(+), MGMT(−) | EGFR(−) | 25 months |
| Elena et al. [73] | PubMed | male | 30 | seizures | primary | total | QT/RT, TMZ, bevacizumab | yes | GFAP(+), VIMENTIN(+), MGMT(−) | IDH-1(−), EGFR(−) | 6 years |
| Chen et al. [74] | PubMed | female | 5 | fever, vomiting | primary | total | n.a. | yes | MGMT(+), S100A1(+), GFAP(+), MKI67(+), | IDH-1 wt(−), TP53(+) | 2 months |
| Gandhi et al. [75] | PubMed | female | 45 | aphasia | primary | partial | QT/RT | yes | MKI67(+) | TP53(+), EGFR(+), TERT(+), IDH-1 wt (−) | 26 months |
| Efferth et al. [76] | PubMed | male | 65 | headache, seizures | primary | partial | QT/RT TMZ | no | MGMT(+) | n.a. | alive |
| Shen et al. [77] | PubMed | female | 15 | hemiparesis | primary | partial | QT/RT, TMZ | no | GFAP(+), KI67(+) | n.a. | 13 months |
| Tokuda et al. [78] | PubMed | male | 27 | seizures, headache | secondary | total | QT/RT, TMZ, bevacizumab | yes | MKI67(+), VEGFR/FLT1(+) | IDH-1 Mutant(+) | alive |
| Wang et al. [79] | PubMed | female | 50 | headache, hemiparesis, nausea, vomiting | primary | total | RT | no | VIMENTIN(+), GFAP(+), OLIG2,(+), NESTIN(+) | IDH1-R132H(−), TP53(+), BRAFV600E(+) | alive |
| Wang et al. [79] | PubMed | male | 36 | headache, nausea, vomiting | primary | total | QT/RT, TMZ | yes | VIMENTIN(+), GFAP(+), OLIG2(+), NESTIN(+), | IDH1-R132H(−), TP53(−), BRAFV600E(+) | 8 months |
| Zhang et al. [80] | PubMed | male | 40 | headache, hemiparesis, vomiting | primary | total | RT, TMZ | yes | KI-67(+), MGMT(−) | TP53(+) | alive |
| Zhou et al. [81] | PubMed | male | 31 | headache, vomiting | primary | total | QT/RT, TMZ | yes | GFAP(+), VIMENTIN(+), NESTIN(+), OLIG2(+), MKi67(+) | EGFR(+) | 15 months |
| Comito et al. [82] | PubMed | female | 57 | headache, nausea, photopsia | primary | total | QT/RT, TMZ, lomustine n.a., nivolumab | yes | MKI67(+), GFAP(+), MGMT(+) | IDH-1 wt(−) | 5 months |
| Finneran et al. [83] | PubMed | female | 29 | aphasia, headache, confusion | secondary | total | RT | no | GFAP(+), MGMT(−), S−100(−) | EGFR(−), SMARCB1(−), TP53(+), IDH-1-wt(−), BRAFV600E(−) | alive |
| Homma et al. [84] | PubMed | female | 78 | speech difficulty and forgetfulness | primary | partial | QT/RT, TMZ | no | S-100A1(+), GFAP(+), OLIG2(+), ATRX(+), MKI67(+), | SMARCB1(+), BRAFV600E(−), IDH-1-R132H(−) | alive |
| Janik et al. [85] | PubMed | male | 51 | headache, memory loss | primary | total | QT/RT, TMZ | yes | GFAP(+), MKi67(+) | TP53(+), BRAFV600E(+), IDH-1 wt (+), EGFR(+) | 23 months |
| Narasimhaiah et al. [86] | PubMed | male | 16 | headache, vomiting, diplopia | primary | partial | QT/RT | yes | S-100A1(+), GFAP(+), MKi67(+), ATRX(−) | TP53(+), IDH-1(−) | alive |
| Narasimhaiah et al. [86] | PubMed | female | 21 | headache, seizures | primary | total | QT/RT | no | GFAP(+), MKi67(+), S100(+), ATRX(−) | TP53(+), IDH-1 R132H-mutant(−) | alive |
| Nørøxe et al. [87] | PubMed | male | 62 | confusion, aphasia | primary | partial | QT/RT, bevacizumab, irinotecan | yes | ATRX(−), MGMT(−) | IDH-1 wt(+) | 15 months |
| Nørøxe et al. [87] | PubMed | male | 30 | headache, seizures, confusion | secondary | partial | QT/RT, TMZ | yes | GFAP(+), ATRX(+), MGMT(+) | IDH-1(+) | 12 months |
| Chanchotisatien et al. [88] | PubMed | female | 27 | hemiparesis, dysuria | primary | partial | QT/RT, TMZ | no | GFAP(+), KI67(+), OLIG2(+), ATRX(+), Nestin(+), | H3K27M(+) | alive |
| Cuoco et al. [89] | PubMed | male | 76 | hemiparesis, clumsiness | primary | partial | QT/RT | no | MGMT(+),, EGFR(−), | IDH-1 wt (+), TP53(−) | 1 months |
| Romo et al. [90] | PubMed | male | 28 | headache, nausea, personality changes, aphasia | primary | total | QT/RT, TMZ, VPC | yes | GFAP(+), OLIG2(+), ATRX(+), MGMT(+), S100(+) | IDH-1 mutant(+), TP53 mutant(+), SMARCB1(+), H3KM27(−) | 3 months |
| Uppar et al. [91] | PubMed | female | 28 | hemiparesis | primary | total | n.a. | yes | GFAP(+), MKI67(+) | H3K27M(+), IDH-1 wt(−) | 1 month |
| Woo et al. [92] | PubMed | female | 22 | headache | primary | total | RT, dabrafenib, trametinib | yes | MGMT(+) | BRAFV600E(+), IDH-1 wt(+) | 7 months |
| Woo et al. [92] | PubMed | male | 22 | headache | primary | partial | BRAFi, vemurafenib, cobimetinib, palpociclib | yes | MGMT(+) | IDH-1 wt(+), BRAFV600E(+), TERT(+), EGFR(−) | 8 months |
| Sajan et al. [93] | PubMed | female | 39 | headache | primary | n.a. | QT/RT TMZ | no | GFAP(+), MGMT(+) | EGFR(+), IDH-1wt(+), H3K27M(+), BRAFV600E(−) | alive |
| Gupta et al. [94] | PubMed | male | 58 | seizures | primary | total by 5-ALA fluorescence | QT/RT | yes | n.a. | IDH-1 wt R132H(+) | alive |
aReference of the clinical report.
bDatabase where the clinical report was found.
cSex of the patient of the clinical case reported.
dAge of the patient of the clinical case reported.
eSymptoms described during clinical routine.
fGBM tumour according to ontogenesis subtypes.
gSurgical procedures during patient treatment.
hMedical and drugs administrated for treatment.
iRecurrence of tumour after surgical procedures.
jGene expression measured for diagnosis.
kMolecular markers to identify somatic mutations.
lSurvival time of patients after surgery and therapy treatment.