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. 2021 May 27;8(5):e27400. doi: 10.2196/27400

Table 2.

Comparison of mean symptom scores at baseline and follow-up (paired-sample t test with effect size; n=125).

Symptom severity Baseline, mean (SD) Follow-up, mean (SD) t test (df) P value Correlation Cohen d Effect size






d SE
Symptoms of anxiety (GADa-7 scores)

Clinically significant symptomsb 14.1 (3.5) 6.9 (4.2) 11.6 (56) <.001c 0.3 1.9 0.3 Large

Mild symptomsd 7.3 (1.5) 5.6 (4.3) 2.3 (36) .03c 0.1 0.5 0.2 Medium

Moderate symptomse 13.5 (3.1) 6.5 (3.7) 11.2 (51) <.001 0.2 2.0 0.3 Large

Severe symptomsf 20.2 (0.4) 11.0 (6.9) 3.0 (4) .04c 0.5 1.4 0.6 Large
Symptoms of depression (PHQ-9g scores)

Clinically significant symptoms 14.0 (3.6) 8.5 (5.0) 7.8 (61) <.001 0.2 1.3 0.2 Large

Mild symptoms 7.1 (1.3) 4.8 (3.1) 4.8 (42) <.001 0.2 0.9 0.2 Large

Moderate symptoms 13.2 (2.4) 8.1 (4.6) 7.6 (56) <.001 0.1 1.4 0.3 Large

Severe symptoms 23.0 (2.3) 12.4 (7.8) 2.6 (4) .06 −0.5 2.0 1.4 Large
Symptoms of anxiety and depression (GAD-7+PHQ-9 scores)

Clinically significant symptomsh 27.2 (5.7) 15.4 (7.7) 10.7 (60) <.001 0.2 1.7 0.3 Large

Mild symptomsi 14.5 (2.7) 10.0 (9.2) 3.1 (38) <.001 0.2 0.6 0.2 Medium

Moderate symptomsj 26.7 (5.1) 15.0 (7.0) 10.8 (58) <.001 0.1 1.9 0.3 Large

Severe symptomsk 41.5 (0.7) 28.0 (19.8) 0.9 (1) .53 −1.0 0.1 0.1 Small

aGAD: generalized anxiety disorder.

bGeneralized Anxiety Disorder-7/Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score ≥10.

cP<.05.

dPatient Health Questionnaire-9/Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 score 5-9.

ePatient Health Questionnaire-9/Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 score 10-19.

fPatient Health Questionnaire-9/Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 score ≥20.

gPHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9.

hPatient Health Questionnaire-9+Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 score ≥20.

iPatient Health Questionnaire-9+Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 10-19.

jPatient Health Questionnaire-9+Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 20-39.

kPatient Health Questionnaire-9+Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 score ≥40.