Table 2.
Comparative prevalence of evaluated clinical characteristics and exposures in cases and controls (univariate analysis)
| Characteristic or exposure | Controls (n = 142) (%) |
Cases (n = 71) (%) |
OR (95% CI)a | pa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age > 65 | 62 (43.7) | 42 (59.2) | 2 (1.08–3.67) | 0.024 |
| Male sex | 101 (71.1) | 48 (67.6) | 1.16 (0.64–2.11) | 0.61 |
| Transfer from other hospital | 15 (10.6) | 15 (21.1) | 2.19 (1.01–4.75) | 0.046 |
| Any comorbidity | 129 (90.9) | 65 (91.5) | 1.44 (0.18–11.1) | 0.72 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 26 (18) | 15 (21.1) | 1.18 (0.59–2.36) | 0.63 |
| Diabetes | 28 (19.7) | 12 (16.9) | 0.82 (0.38–1.76) | 0.61 |
| Hypertension | 76 (53.5) | 39 (54.9) | 1.06 (0.58–1.91) | 0.84 |
| Heart disease | 32 (22.5) | 15 (21.1) | 0.91 (0.44–1.8) | 0.8 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 10 (7) | 4 (5.6) | 0.8 (0.25–2.55) | 0.7 |
| HIV infection | 3 (2.1) | 1 (1.4) | 0.66 (0.06–6.4) | 0.72 |
| Chronic renal insufficiency | 19 (13.4) | 10 (14.1) | 1.06 (0.46–2.4) | 0.88 |
| Chronic liver disease | 5 (3.5) | 7 (9.9) | 3.17 (0.91–11) | 0.068 |
| Solid organ cancer | 12 (8.5) | 6 (8.5) | 1 (0.35–2.82) | 1 |
| Haematological cancer | 9 (6.3) | 1 (1.4) | 0.22 (0.02–1.7) | 0.15 |
| Solid organ transplantation | 8 (5.6) | 2 (2.8) | 0.46 (0.09–2.34) | 0.35 |
| Autoimmune disease | 2 (1.4) | 3 (4.2) | 3 (0.5–17.9) | 0.23 |
| Immunosuppressors | 16 (11.3) | 6 (8.5) | 0.71 (0.26–1.95) | 0.51 |
| Morbid obesity | 9 (6.3) | 10 (14.1) | 2.5 (0.93–6.67) | 0.066 |
| Past or current smoking | 44 (31) | 30 (42.2) | 1.31 (0.9–1.83) | 0.1 |
| Alcohol abuse | 3 (2.1) | 7 (9.9) | 6.3 (1.29–30.7) | 0.023 |
| Lymphocyte count < 700 cells/µL | 70 (49.3) | 40 (56.3) | 1.32 (0.74–2.35) | 0.33 |
| Tocilizumab | 85 (59.9) | 36 (50.7) | 0.67 (0.36–1.22) | 0.19 |
| High-dose tocilizumab | 18 (12.7) | 9 (12.7) | 1 (0.4–2.29) | 1 |
| Siltuximab | 5 (3.5) | 5 (7) | 2.19 (0.57–8.36) | 0.24 |
| Sarilumab | 2 (1.4) | – | 0.026 (0–5748) | 0.56 |
| Any anti-IL6 | 92 (64.8) | 41 (57.7) | 0.73 (0.4–1.33) | 0.3 |
| Anakinra (%) | 38 (26.8) | 14 (19.7) | 0.68 (0.35–1.34) | 0.27 |
| Baricitinib | 3 (0.42) | – | 0.026 (0–601) | 0.47 |
| Corticosteroids | 105 (73.9) | 51 (71.8) | 0.87 (0.41–1.8) | 0.7 |
| High-dose corticosteroids | 49 (34.5) | 16 (22.5) | 0.53 (0.27–1.06) | 0.07 |
| Lopinavir–ritonavir | 130 (91.5) | 64 (90.1) | 0.82 (0.28–2.34) | 0.71 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 137 (96.5) | 64 (90.1) | 0.35 (0.1–1.12) | 0.079 |
| Remdesivir | 12 (8.5) | 5 (7) | 0.82 (0.28–2.41) | 0.72 |
| Interferon-β | 35 (24.6) | 30 (42.3) | 2.17 (1.19–3.9) | 0.01 |
| Azithromycin | 119 (83.8) | 53 (76.6) | 0.59 (0.3–1.16) | 0.12 |
| Any other antibiotic | 119 (83.8) | 61 (85.9) | 1.17 (0.53–2.57) | 0.69 |
| ≥ 2 antibiotics | 75 (52.8) | 47 (66.2) | 1.84 (0.98–3.45) | 0.058 |
| ≥ 3 antibiotics | 36 (25.4) | 24 (33.8) | 1.47 (0.8–2.72) | 0.2 |
| ≥ 4 antibiotics | 5 (3.5) | 7 (9.9) | 3.78 (0.95–15) | 0.059 |
| ICU | 115 (81) | 63 (88.7) | 5.92 (1.21–28.8) | 0.027 |
| Vasopressors | 48 (33.8) | 51 (71.8) | 6.63 (3.07–14.4) | < 0.0001 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 39 (27.5) | 56 (78.9) | 16.1 (5.77–45.2) | < 0.0001 |
| Non-invasive mechanical ventilation | 22 (15.5) | 6 (8.5) | 0.48 (0.18–1.31) | 0.15 |
| ARDS | 102 (71.8) | 60 (84.5) | 2.21 (1.03–4.74) | 0.04 |
| Statins | 15 (10.6) | 10 (14.1) | 1.35 (0.59–3.06) | 0.47 |
| Days at risk ≥ 11 days | 110 (77.5) | 41 (57.7) | 0.21 (0.08–0.5) | < 0.0001 |
aOR, 95% CI, and p values estimated by conditional logistic regression analysis