Table 1.
Characteristics of the sample (N = 242).
| Did not participate in gardening | Participated in gardening | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Freq. | Mean/Prop. | SD | Freq. | Mean/Prop. | SD | P-value | |
| DASS depression subscale | 31.6 | 7.93 | 12.03 | 4.41 | <0.001 | ||
| DASS anxiety subscale | 29.9 | 7.41 | 11.9 | 4.68 | <0.001 | ||
| DASS stress subscale | 33.1 | 7.16 | 13.7 | 5.05 | <0.001 | ||
| Caregiver age, years | 45.4 | 15.5 | 43.6 | 14.3 | 0.35 | ||
| Caregiver sex (female) | 0.92 | 0.27 | 0.61 | 0.49 | <0.001 | ||
| Caregiver education, years | 4.80 | 4.42 | 5.38 | 4.65 | 0.32 | ||
| Caregiving duration, years | 8.92 | 2.30 | 8.04 | 2.79 | 0.009 | ||
| ZBI, total score | 62.1 | 9.88 | 52.6 | 13.6 | <0.001 | ||
| BADLS, total score | 47.7 | 6.87 | 40.2 | 11.2 | <0.001 | ||
| Patient age, years | 87.4 | 8.72 | 85.7 | 8.92 | 0.14 | ||
| Patient sex (female) | 0.85 | 0.36 | 0.82 | 0.38 | 0.64 | ||
| Patient’s relationship with caregiver | |||||||
| Grandparent | 18 | 0.16 | 18 | 0.14 | 0.32 | ||
| Parent | 85 | 0.77 | 96 | 0.73 | |||
| Spouse/other | 8 | 0.07 | 17 | 0.13 | |||
Notes: BADLS, Bristol Activities of Daily Living Scale; DASS, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales; SD, standard deviation; ZBI, Zarit Burden Interview. P-values refer to those associated with t-tests (for continuous variables) and chi-squared tests (for categorical and dichotomous variables)