Table 2.
Estimated associations between participation in gardening activity and depression, anxiety, and stress.
| Depression | Anxiety | Stress | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unstandardized coeff (95% confidence interval) | |||
| Gardening | −18.4 (-20.5 to −16.3) *** | −16.6 (-18.6 to −14.6) *** | −18.6 (-20.6 to −16.6) *** |
| Caregiver age, years | 0.06 (-0.02 to 0.13) | 0.07 (-0.003 to 0.14) | 0.06 (-0.01 to 0.12) |
| Caregiver sex (female) | 1.40 (-0.61 to 3.41) | 1.47 (-0.49 to 3.43) | 1.71 (-0.26 to 3.68) |
| Caregiver education, years | 0.06 (-0.16 to 0.28) | 0.03 (-0.18 to 0.24) | 0.04 (-0.16 to 0.25) |
| ZBI, total score | 0.11 (0.05 to 0.17) *** | 0.11 (0.05 – 0.17) *** | 0.06 (0.0004 – 0.12) * |
| BADLS, total score | −0.04 (-0.13 to 0.05) | −0.01 (-0.10 to 0.07) | −0.03 (-0.12 to 0.06) |
| Patient age, years | −0.04 (-0.15 to 0.06) | −0.07 (-0.17 to 0.03) | −0.11 (-0.21 to 1.43) * |
| Patient sex (female) | 0.03 (-2.08 to 2.14) | 0.42 (-1.51 to 2.35) | −0.66 (-2.75 to 1.43) |
| Patient's relationship with caregiver | |||
| Grandparent | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Parent | −2.24 (-4.84 to 0.37) | −1.84 (-4.55 to 0.88) | −1.97 (-4.54 to 0.61) |
| Spouse/other | −0.06 (-3.88 to 3.76) | −1.29 (-5.05 to 2.48) | −1.81 (-5.47 to 1.86) |
| Constant | 27.8 (18.09 – 37.54) *** | 26.2 (16.7 – 35.6) *** | 38.1 (28.9 – 47.3) *** |
Notes: BADLS, Bristol Activities of Daily Living Scale; ZBI, Zarit Burden Interview; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.