Table 1.
Preclinical trials of neoantigen vaccines combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
| Type of neoantigen vaccine | Formulation | Type of tumor | Immune checkpoint inhibitor | Antitumor effects comparing to vaccine or ICIs alone | Route of vaccination | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peptide | Albumin/AlbiAdpgk nanocomplexes | Colon cancer(MC38 tumor) | Anti-PD-1 | More effective | SC | (61) |
| Peptide | sHDL-Adpgk and adjuvants | Colon cancer and melanoma (MC-38 and B16F10 tumors) | Anti-PD-1, anti-CTLA-4 | More effective | SC | (62) |
| Peptide | sHDL-Adpgk/CpG | Advanced B16F10 melanoma tumors | Anti-PD-1, anti-CTLA-4 | More effective | SC or IM | (64) |
| Peptide | PancVAX | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (Panc02 cells) | Anti–PD-1 | More effective | SC | (65) |
| DNA | poly-neoantigen DNA vaccine | Colorectal tumor MC38 | Anti-PD-1 | More effective | Intradermal injection | (49) |
| DNA/mRNA | GAdCT26-31/GAd-MC38-7 | Colon carcinoma (CT26 cell line, MC38 cell line) | Anti-PD1, anti-PDL1 | More effective | SC | (16) |
| Peptide | Lm-ANXA2 | Pancreatic carcinoma | Anti-PD1 | More effective | Injection directly through the spleen | (66) |
| Peptide | Adpgk with adjuvants (banNVs) | Colorectal cancer | Anti-PD-1 | More effective | SC | (63) |
| Peptide | Multivalent neoantigen vaccine | Glioblastoma (CT2A GBM model) | Anti–PD-L1 | More effective | None | (25) |
| Peptide | Thiolated nano-vaccine | Hepatocellular carcinoma(H22 cells) | Anti–PD-1 | More effective | SC | (67) |
SC, subcutaneous; IM, intramuscular; GAdCT26-31/GAd-MC38-7, vaccines of great ape adenovirus encoding multiple neoantigens; Lm-ANXA2m listeria-based, ANXA2-targeting vaccines; Adpgk, ADP dependent glucokinase; CpG, cytidine-phosphate-guanosine; sHDL, synthetic high-density lipoprotein; PancVAX, neoantigen-targeted vaccine.