TABLE 5.

Cost elements included in all work breakdown structure models

Cost category	Components included
Total capital costs
Direct capital costs	• Technology-specific equipment (e.g., vessels, basins, pumps, blowers, treatment media, piping, valves)	• Instrumentation and system controls • Buildings • Residuals management equipment
Add-on costs	• Land • Permits	• Pilot testing
Indirect capital costs	• Mobilization and demobilization • Architectural fees for treatment building • Equipment delivery, equipment installation, and contractor’s overhead and profit • Sitework • Yard piping • Geotechnical • Standby power	• Electrical infrastructure • Process engineering • Contingency • Miscellaneous allowance • Legal, fiscal, and administrative • Sales tax • Financing during construction • Construction management and general contractor overhead
• Operations and maintenance costs
Labor	• Operator labor for operation and maintenance of process equipment • Operator labor for building maintenance • Managerial and clerical labor	• Operator labor for other technology-specific tasks (e.g., managing regeneration, backwash, or media replacement)
Materials	• Materials for maintenance of booster or influent pumps • Materials for building maintenance • Materials for maintenance and operation of technology-specific equipment	• Replacement of technology-specific consumables (e.g., chemicals) or other frequently replaced items (e.g., treatment media)
Energy	• Energy for operation of booster or influent pumps • Energy for lighting, ventilation, cooling, and heating	• Energy for operation of technology-specific items of equipment (e.g., blowers, mixers)
Residuals	• Residuals management operator labor, materials, and energy	• Residuals discharge and disposal costs (including transportation)