Table 4. Cascade screening strategies implemented in the Asia Pacific region ^{25 , 60 - 63)} .

Country or region	Study subjects	Summary of findings	References
Hong Kong SAR, China	• 132 families were screened • Potential probands recruited if total cholesterol (TC) ＞ 7.5 mmol/L and/or LDL-C ＞ 4.9 mmol/L without secondary causes	• 87 screened patients (66%) were clinically diagnosed with HeFH • Among 314 first-degree relatives of probands or their affected relatives, 165 subjects (53%) with clinical HeFH were identified: → 83% of these subjects were previously unaware of having HeFH	60)
Hong Kong SAR, China	• Of 98 index patients with a clinical diagnosis of FH and/or severe hypercholesterolemia, 94 unrelated probands were identified	• 62 probands carried definite or likely pathogenic mutations • 167 first- and second-degree relatives of probands with causative mutations ( n = 45) attended screening • 36 first-degree relatives of probands without mutations attended screening • In total, 122 relatives were identified to have FH, of which: → 48 (39%) were newly diagnosed → 74 (61%) were aware of having hypercholesterolemia, although 53% of these relatives had never been treated or had stopped treatment	61)
India	• 31 families of mutation positive probands were screened using bidirectional Sanger sequencing ( n = 28) or MLPA technique ( n = 3)	• Cascade screening was undertaken in 133 family members: → 88 (66%) carried the family mutation → 15 (11%) had CAD → 63 (47%) were already taking lipid lowering therapy → 12 were children ＜18 years of age: ▪ 3 children had clinically homozygous phenotype ▪ 5 children had very high LDL cholesterol levels (550.4±152.2 mg/dL)	62)
Vietnam	• 4 families of individuals with a presumptive diagnosis of HoFH were screened using genetic and cholesterol testing	• Cascade screening was undertaken in 107 family members: → Of 89 who were genetically screened, an FH mutation was found in 47 including 3 homozygotes and 44 heterozygotes → Among the 47 mutation positive individuals, 18 were children aged ＜18 years → 9 additional relatives had “likely FH” based on the Starr et al criteria 63) → Only 5 (9%) of relatives with FH were subsequently treated due to: ▪ Cost of treatment ▪ Lack of patient knowledge about FH ▪ Lack of local doctors’ knowledge about FH	25)