Table 1.
Statistically significant demographic covariates of preferred vs. alternative interpretations of the graphic warning labels
| Outcome Preferred vs. Alternative Label Interpretation | ||
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Labels | Significant Covariates | Adj. OR (95% CI) |
| Man smoking with tracheotomy (Label 1) | African American vs. White | 0.48 (0.34–0.66), p<0.001 |
| Other/mixed vs. White | 0.49 (0.31–0.78), p=0.002 | |
| High school/GED vs. post-secondary/more | 0.49 (0.36–0.69), p<0.001 | |
| < high school vs. post-secondary/more | 0.60 (0.43–0.84), p=0.003 | |
|
| ||
| Baby exposed to smoke (Label 2) | African American vs. White | 0.39 (0.19–0.80), p=0.010 |
| American Indian vs. White | 0.25 (0.12–0.53), p<0.001 | |
| < high school vs. post-secondary/more | 0.42 (0.21–0.83), p=0.013 | |
|
| ||
| Woman crying (Label 3) | African American vs. White | 0.41 (0.27–0.61), p<0.001 |
| American Indian vs. White | 0.52 (0.32–0.83), p=0.007 | |
| High school/GED vs. post-secondary/more | 0.54 (0.36–0.82), p=0.003 | |
| < high school vs. post-secondary/more | 0.44 (0.30–0.67), p<0.001 | |
| Smoker vs not | 0.71 (0.50–0.99), p=0.041 | |
| Novel vs. not | 0.57 (0.38–0.85), p=0.007 | |
|
| ||
| Diseased lip (Label 4) | African American vs. White | 0.53 (0.30–0.95), p=0.034 |
| < high school vs. post-secondary/more | 0.45 (0.25–0.80), p=0.007 | |
| Novel vs. not | 0.24 (0.14–0.42), p<0.001 | |
|
| ||
| Oxygen mask on man’s face (Label 5) | Age | 0.99 (0.98–1.00), p=0.010 |
| Female vs. Male | 1.41 (1.06–1.87), p=0.017 | |
| Other/mixed vs. White | 2.19 (1.21–3.97), p=0.010 | |
| Novel vs. not | 0.60 (0.38–0.94), p=0.027 | |
|
| ||
| Baby in an Incubator (Label 6) | Female vs. Male | 1.45 (1.02–2.06), p=0.037 |
| African American vs. White | 0.56 (0.36–0.89), p=0.014 | |
| High school/GED vs. post-secondary/more | 0.45 (0.29–0.71), p<0.001 | |
| < high school vs. post-secondary/more | 0.47 (0.29–0.75), p=0.002 | |
| Novel vs. not | 0.52 (0.30–0.90), p=0.018 | |
|
| ||
| Man with I quit t-shirt (Label 7) | Female vs. Male | 1.46 (1.02–2.09), p=0.038 |
| Novel vs. not | 0.50 (0.31–0.80), p=0.004 | |
|
| ||
| Healthy/Diseased lung (Label 8) | Age | 1.01 (1.00–1.03), p=0.009 |
| African American vs. White | 0.61 (0.43–0.87), p=0.006 | |
| American Indian vs. White | 0.61 (0.40–0.93), p=0.022 | |
| High school/GED vs. post-secondary/more | 0.60 (0.42–0.85), p=0.005 | |
| Low Income vs. not | 0.71 (0.53–0.95), p=0.019 | |
| Novel vs. not | 0.55 (0.32–0.97), p=0.037 | |
|
| ||
| Man with chest staples (Label 9) | African American vs. White | 0.52 (0.35–0.77), p=0.001 |
| Low Income vs. not | 0.66 (0.48–0.91), p=0.010 | |
Note. All models include age, sex, race, low income status, education, novelty of label, and smoking status.
Note: Raw p-values are shown above. After controlling for the false discovery rate, it was found that p-values >0.018 were >0.05 after adjustment. Thus, 8/35 rejected null hypotheses would not be rejected after adjustment. The values that remained statistically significant after the adjustment are bolded.